Subatomic structure Involves electrons within the
individual atoms, their energies
and interactions with the nuclei.
Atomic structure Relates to the organization of
atoms to yield molecules or
crystals.
Nanostructure Deals with aggregates of atoms
that form particles that have
nanoscale dimensions.
Microstructure Those structural elements that are
subject to direct observation using
some types of microscopes.
Macrostructure Structural elements that may be
viewed with the naked eye.
Chapter 1
Mechanical properties Relate deformation to an applied
load or force; examples include
elastic modulus, strength and
resistance to fracture.
Electrical properties The stimulus is an applied electric
field; typical properties include
electrical conductivity and
dielectric constant.
Thermal properties Are related to changes in
temperature or temperature
gradients across a material;
examples of thermal behavior
include thermal expansion and
heat capacity.
Magnetic properties The responses of a material to the
application of a magnetic field;
common magnetic properties
include magnetic susceptibility and
magnetization.
Optical properties The stimulus is electromagnetic or
light radiation; index of refraction
and reflectivity are representative
optical properties.
Deteriorative characteristics Relate to the chemical reactivity of
materials; for example, corrosion
resistance of metals.
Single crystal transparency
Little crystals translucent
,Opaque interconnected crystals
Metals Composed: one or more metallic
elements and often also
nonmetallic elements.
Arranged: very orderly manner,
relatively dense, relatively stiff,
strong, ductile, resistant to
fracture.
Large numbers of nonlocalized
electrons.
Ceramics Compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements. Relatively
stiff and strong (comparable to
metals). Extreme brittleness and
highly susceptible to fracture.
Insulative to the passage of heat
and electricity.
Polymers Organic compounds. Very large
molecular structures. Low
densities. Not as stiff or strong as
metals or ceramics. Easily formed
into complex shapes.
Composite Composed of two or more
individual materials that come
from metals, ceramics or polymers.
Elastomers Polymeric materials that display
rubbery-like behavior.
Natural materials Those that occur in nature.
Foams Typically polymeric materials that
have high porosities, which are
often used for cushions and
packaging.
Semiconductors: have electrical properties that are intermediate between
those of electrical conductors and insulators.
Advanced materials: typically, traditional materials whose properties have
been enhanced and also newly developed, high-performance materials.
Biomaterials: materials that are implanted into the body, so that they
function in a reliable, safe and physiologically satisfactory manner, while
interacting with living tissue.
Smart materials: group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being
developed that will have a significant influence on many of our
technologies.
, Chapter 2
Isotopes: atoms of some elements have two or more different atomic
masses.
s-orbital: spherical and centered on the nucleus.
p-subshell: three orbitals, each has a nodal surface in the shape of a
dumbbell.
d-subshell: five orbitals.
f-subshell: seven orbitals.
The smaller the principal number, the lower is the energy level.
individual atoms, their energies
and interactions with the nuclei.
Atomic structure Relates to the organization of
atoms to yield molecules or
crystals.
Nanostructure Deals with aggregates of atoms
that form particles that have
nanoscale dimensions.
Microstructure Those structural elements that are
subject to direct observation using
some types of microscopes.
Macrostructure Structural elements that may be
viewed with the naked eye.
Chapter 1
Mechanical properties Relate deformation to an applied
load or force; examples include
elastic modulus, strength and
resistance to fracture.
Electrical properties The stimulus is an applied electric
field; typical properties include
electrical conductivity and
dielectric constant.
Thermal properties Are related to changes in
temperature or temperature
gradients across a material;
examples of thermal behavior
include thermal expansion and
heat capacity.
Magnetic properties The responses of a material to the
application of a magnetic field;
common magnetic properties
include magnetic susceptibility and
magnetization.
Optical properties The stimulus is electromagnetic or
light radiation; index of refraction
and reflectivity are representative
optical properties.
Deteriorative characteristics Relate to the chemical reactivity of
materials; for example, corrosion
resistance of metals.
Single crystal transparency
Little crystals translucent
,Opaque interconnected crystals
Metals Composed: one or more metallic
elements and often also
nonmetallic elements.
Arranged: very orderly manner,
relatively dense, relatively stiff,
strong, ductile, resistant to
fracture.
Large numbers of nonlocalized
electrons.
Ceramics Compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements. Relatively
stiff and strong (comparable to
metals). Extreme brittleness and
highly susceptible to fracture.
Insulative to the passage of heat
and electricity.
Polymers Organic compounds. Very large
molecular structures. Low
densities. Not as stiff or strong as
metals or ceramics. Easily formed
into complex shapes.
Composite Composed of two or more
individual materials that come
from metals, ceramics or polymers.
Elastomers Polymeric materials that display
rubbery-like behavior.
Natural materials Those that occur in nature.
Foams Typically polymeric materials that
have high porosities, which are
often used for cushions and
packaging.
Semiconductors: have electrical properties that are intermediate between
those of electrical conductors and insulators.
Advanced materials: typically, traditional materials whose properties have
been enhanced and also newly developed, high-performance materials.
Biomaterials: materials that are implanted into the body, so that they
function in a reliable, safe and physiologically satisfactory manner, while
interacting with living tissue.
Smart materials: group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being
developed that will have a significant influence on many of our
technologies.
, Chapter 2
Isotopes: atoms of some elements have two or more different atomic
masses.
s-orbital: spherical and centered on the nucleus.
p-subshell: three orbitals, each has a nodal surface in the shape of a
dumbbell.
d-subshell: five orbitals.
f-subshell: seven orbitals.
The smaller the principal number, the lower is the energy level.
