AQA A LEVEL BIOLOGY PAPER 2
100 stacked discs of thylakoids - correct answerwhat is the grana?
95 = separate polynucleotide strands, 50 = mixture cooled so primers may anneal to strand, 72 = heated
so DNA polymerase can join complimentary bases - correct answerWhat temperatures are used in heat
treatment and what do they do?
A protein that controls the rate of transcription - correct answerWhat is a transcription factor?
acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate which is decarboxylated and
dehydrogenated to form 5 carbon molecule which is then dehydrogenated and decarboxylated to form
4 carbon ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation and FAD is reduced, oxalacetate is then
regenerated to restart the cycle - correct answerwhat happens in the Krebs Cycle after the link reaction?
Add marker to plasmid, add it to cell to grow and then use replica plating to put the cell onto a medium
where the particular marker can be identified and the ones that have the marker also have the desired
gene - correct answerHow are markers introduced into modified plasmids?
Adrenaline binds to proteins on CSM of liver that causes the channel to change shape and release adenyl
Cyclades which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (secondary messenger model) that binds to kinase and
activates it which catalysed the reaction of glycogen to glucose - correct answerDescribe the process of
adrenaline in homeostasis
air spaces between them = rapid diffusion, long and narrow and are packed with chloroplast the thin
tissue of the leaf allows light to reach mesophyll - correct answerName three advantages of mesophyll
in the leaf
algae build up on surface of water due to nitrogen from water that limits light to lower level plants that
can no longer photosynthesise and die that are fed on by saprobiants that multiply and take up oxygen
in the water so that O2 becomes the limiting factor and larger organsims die as a result that are also fed
on by saprobiants that release toxins into the water - correct answerwhat is eutrophication?
, Always ensures there is a water potential gradient that rates out water from the tubule so water will
move out of the filtrate - correct answerWhat does the countercurrent multiplier do?
Bases separate from one strand and are inserted into a different one - correct answerWhat is
translocation mutation?
Benign is slow growth, non cancerous, localised effects on body + malignant = cancerous, fast growing,
large, life threatening - correct answerWhat is the difference between maligant and benign Tumors?
Binds to protein receptors on the pancreas liver membrane that causes it to change shape vesicles fuse
with the membrane containing transport channels, this activates cyclic amp as a second messenger to
activate enzymes that undergo glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis - correct answerHow does adrenaline
affect blood glucose concentration?
brain and spinal cord - correct answerWhat does the CNS consist of?
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose - correct answerWhat is glyconeolysis?
Calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum causes by AP diffuse into muscle via concentration gradient
that then causes tropomyosin to move that exposes the binding site of the actin filament, an ADP
molecule then attaches to the myosin head that causes it to form a cross bridge with actin filament
binding site, the actin filament is then pulled by the myosin head changing shape/angle that releases
ADP, ATP then allows the myosin head to detach from the actin filament that is then broken by ATPase
which provides the energy for myosin head to change back to its original shape and the process is
repeated - correct answerDescribe how the contraction of skeletal muscles work?
Calcium ions open because of AP that move into synaptic knob via FDF, this causes vesicles to fuse with
the presynaptic neurone membrane that release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, acetylcholine then
binds to protein receptors on the sodium ion channels on the post synaptic neurone that diffuse across
a concentration gradient that causes a influx of sodium ions in the post synaptic neurone that causes an
AP, acetylcholine then broken by acetylcholinerase into choline and Ethanoic acid and diffuses back
across the synaptic cleft but does not cause an action potential in the pre synaptic neurone as it is not in
its acetylcholine form - correct answerDescribe the transmission across a cholinegenic synapse?
100 stacked discs of thylakoids - correct answerwhat is the grana?
95 = separate polynucleotide strands, 50 = mixture cooled so primers may anneal to strand, 72 = heated
so DNA polymerase can join complimentary bases - correct answerWhat temperatures are used in heat
treatment and what do they do?
A protein that controls the rate of transcription - correct answerWhat is a transcription factor?
acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate which is decarboxylated and
dehydrogenated to form 5 carbon molecule which is then dehydrogenated and decarboxylated to form
4 carbon ATP made by substrate-level phosphorylation and FAD is reduced, oxalacetate is then
regenerated to restart the cycle - correct answerwhat happens in the Krebs Cycle after the link reaction?
Add marker to plasmid, add it to cell to grow and then use replica plating to put the cell onto a medium
where the particular marker can be identified and the ones that have the marker also have the desired
gene - correct answerHow are markers introduced into modified plasmids?
Adrenaline binds to proteins on CSM of liver that causes the channel to change shape and release adenyl
Cyclades which converts ATP to cyclic AMP (secondary messenger model) that binds to kinase and
activates it which catalysed the reaction of glycogen to glucose - correct answerDescribe the process of
adrenaline in homeostasis
air spaces between them = rapid diffusion, long and narrow and are packed with chloroplast the thin
tissue of the leaf allows light to reach mesophyll - correct answerName three advantages of mesophyll
in the leaf
algae build up on surface of water due to nitrogen from water that limits light to lower level plants that
can no longer photosynthesise and die that are fed on by saprobiants that multiply and take up oxygen
in the water so that O2 becomes the limiting factor and larger organsims die as a result that are also fed
on by saprobiants that release toxins into the water - correct answerwhat is eutrophication?
, Always ensures there is a water potential gradient that rates out water from the tubule so water will
move out of the filtrate - correct answerWhat does the countercurrent multiplier do?
Bases separate from one strand and are inserted into a different one - correct answerWhat is
translocation mutation?
Benign is slow growth, non cancerous, localised effects on body + malignant = cancerous, fast growing,
large, life threatening - correct answerWhat is the difference between maligant and benign Tumors?
Binds to protein receptors on the pancreas liver membrane that causes it to change shape vesicles fuse
with the membrane containing transport channels, this activates cyclic amp as a second messenger to
activate enzymes that undergo glycogenolysis or gluconeogenesis - correct answerHow does adrenaline
affect blood glucose concentration?
brain and spinal cord - correct answerWhat does the CNS consist of?
Breakdown of glycogen into glucose - correct answerWhat is glyconeolysis?
Calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum causes by AP diffuse into muscle via concentration gradient
that then causes tropomyosin to move that exposes the binding site of the actin filament, an ADP
molecule then attaches to the myosin head that causes it to form a cross bridge with actin filament
binding site, the actin filament is then pulled by the myosin head changing shape/angle that releases
ADP, ATP then allows the myosin head to detach from the actin filament that is then broken by ATPase
which provides the energy for myosin head to change back to its original shape and the process is
repeated - correct answerDescribe how the contraction of skeletal muscles work?
Calcium ions open because of AP that move into synaptic knob via FDF, this causes vesicles to fuse with
the presynaptic neurone membrane that release acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft, acetylcholine then
binds to protein receptors on the sodium ion channels on the post synaptic neurone that diffuse across
a concentration gradient that causes a influx of sodium ions in the post synaptic neurone that causes an
AP, acetylcholine then broken by acetylcholinerase into choline and Ethanoic acid and diffuses back
across the synaptic cleft but does not cause an action potential in the pre synaptic neurone as it is not in
its acetylcholine form - correct answerDescribe the transmission across a cholinegenic synapse?
