BIOL 1P91 Final Exam real Questions With 100% Verified Answers

BIOL 1P91 Final Exam real Questions With 100% Verified Answers NADH (NAD+) - ANSWER Used in oxidation to NAD+ for synthesis of ATP and donation of electrons more readily from covalent bonds Gene Regulation - ANSWER The turning on and off of genes Cellular Regulation - ANSWER Cell-signaling pathways like hormones Biochemical Regulation - ANSWER A molecule noncovalently binds to enzyme to activate or inhibit that enzyme Competitive Inhibitors - ANSWER Bind to the active site and inhibit the ability of the substrate to bind Noncompetitive Inhibitors - ANSWER Bind outside the active site and inhibit the enzyme's function Allosteric Inhibition - ANSWER Molecule binds to a site other than the active site and causes a conformational change in the enzyme Feedback Inhibition - ANSWER Product of the pathways is an allosteric inhibitor of an early enzyme in the pathway Cellular Respiration - ANSWER Process by which living cells obtain energy from organic molecules Glycolysis - ANSWER The breakdown of glucose by enzymes, releasing energy and pyruvic acid; can occur in aerobic and anaerobic conditions; 10 steps Breakdown of Pyruvate - ANSWER Pyruvate is transported to matrix and broken down by pyruvate dehydrogenase For each pyruvate: - One CO2 is removed - Acetyl group is attached to coenzyme A (makes acetyl co-A) - One NADH is produced Citric Acid Cycle - ANSWER Completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide Oxidative Phosphorylation - ANSWER High energy electrons are removed from NADH and FADH2 to make more ATP by phosphorylation of ADP Electron Transport Chain - ANSWER A group of protein complexes and small organic molecules embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane (accept and release electrons); oxygen is final electron acceptor H+ Electrochemical Gradient - ANSWER A transmembrane gradient for H+ composed of both a membrane potential and a concentration difference for H+ across a membrane; H+ is higher outside the matrix Chemiosmosis - ANSWER chemical synthesis of ATP as a result of pushing H+ across a membrane Photosynthesis - ANSWER Energy from light is captured and used to synthesize glucose and other organic molecules Heterotroph - ANSWER An organism that cannot make its own food. Autotroph - ANSWER An organism that makes its own food Photoautotroph - ANSWER Organism that uses energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water to carbon compounds Chloroplasts - ANSWER Site of photosynthesis; majority of photosynthesis occurs in leaves in the mesophyll layer Stomata - ANSWER Small openings on the underside of a leaf through which oxygen and carbon dioxide can move Thylakoid Membrane - ANSWER Contains pigment molecules, including chlorophyll Thylakoid Lumen - ANSWER A fluid-filled interior space enclosed by the thylakoid membrane; thylakoids stack on top of each other to form a granum Stroma - ANSWER Fluid portion of the chloroplast; outside of the thylakoids Absorption Spectrum - ANSWER The range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light Action Spectrum - ANSWER A graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular process Photosystem II - ANSWER One of two light-harvesting units of a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; it uses the P680 reaction- center chlorophyll. Photosystem I - ANSWER A light-capturing unit in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane or in the membrane of some prokaryotes; it has two molecules of P700 chlorophyll a at its reaction center. Noncyclic Electron Flow - ANSWER electrons move linearly from PSII to PSI and ultimately reduce NADP+ to NADPH Cyclic Electron Flow - ANSWER Uses only photosystem I and produces ATP, but not NADPH Calvin Cycle - ANSWER Reactions of photosynthesis in which energy from ATP and NADPH is used to build high-energy