,Contents
PREFACE xvii Stereoscopic and Virtual-Reality
Systems
A Survey of Computer
1 Graphics 2
2-2 Raster-Scan System!;
Video Controller
Raster-Scan Display Processor
Computer-Aided Design 2-3 Random-Scan Systems
Presentation Graphics 'I 2-4 Graphics Monitors and Workstations
Computer Art l 3 2-5 Input Devices
Entertainment 18 Keyboards
Education and Training 21 Mouse
Visualization 25 Trackball and Spaceball
Image Processing 32 Joysticks
Graphical User Interfaces 34 Data Glove
Digitizers
Image Scanners
Touch Panels
Overview of Graphics Light Pens
2 systems 35 2-6
Voice Systems
Hard-Copy Devices
2-1 VideoDisplayDevices 36 2-7 Graphics Software
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes 37 Coordinate Representations
Raster-Scan Displays 40 Graphics Functions
Random-Scan Displays 41 Software Standards
Color CRT Monitors 42 PHIGS Workstations
Direct-View Storage Tubes 4.5 Summary
Flat-Panel Displays 45 References
Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices 49 Exercises
vii
, Contents
Summary
3 Outout Primitives 83 Applications
References
Points and Lines Exercises
Line-Drawing Algorithms
DDA Algorithm
Bresenham's Line Algorithm
Parallel Line Algorithms Attributes of Output
Loading the Frame Buffer Primitives 143
Line Function
Circle-Generating Algorithms Line Attributes
Properties of Circles Line Type
Midpoint Circle Algorithm Line Width
Ellipse-Generating Algorithms Pen and Brush Options
Properties of Ellipses Line Color
Midpoint Ellipse Algorithm Curve Attributes
Other Curves Color and Grayscale Levels
Conic Sections Color Tables
Polynomials and Spline Curves Grayscale
Parallel Curve Algorithms Area-Fill Attributes
Curve Functions Fill Styles
Pixel Addressing Pattern Fill
and Object Geometry Soft Fill
Screen Grid Coordinates Character Attributes
Maintaining Geometric Properties Text Attributes
of Displayed Objects Marker Attributes
Filled-Area Primitives Bundled Attributes
Scan-Line Polygon Fill Algorithm Bundled Line Attributes
Inside-Outside Tests Bundled Area-Fi Attributes
Scan-Line Fill of Curved Boundary Bundled Text Attributes
Areas Bundled Marker Attributes
Boundary-Fill Algorithm
Inquiry Functions
Flood-FillAlgorithm
Antialiasing
Fill-Area Functions Supersampling Straight Line
Cell Array Segments
Character Generation Pixel-Weighting Masks
, Contents
Area Sampling Straight Line 5-6 Aff ine Transformations 208
Segments 174 5-7 Transformation Functions 208
Filtering Techniques 174 5-8 Raster Methods for Transformations 210
Pixel Phasing 175
Summary 212
Compensating for Line lntensity
References 21 3
Differences 1 75
Antialiasing Area Boundaries 176 Exercises 213
Summary
Two-Dimensional
References
Exercises 180 6 Viewing 21 6
6-1 The Viewing Pipeline
6-2 Viewing Coordinate Reference Frame
Two-Dimensional Geometric
5 Transformations 183
6-3 Window-teviewport Coordinate
Transformation
Two-Dimensional Wewing Functions
5-1 Basic Transformations
Translation Clipping Operations
Rotation Point Clipping
Scaling Line Clipping
5-2 Matrix Representations Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping
and Homogeneous Coordinates Liang-Barsky Line Clipping
5-3 Composite Transformations Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl Line Clipping
Translations Line Clipping Using Nonrectangular
Rotations Clip Windows
Scalings Splitting Concave Polygons
General Pivot-Point Rotation Polygon Clipping
General Fixed-Point Scaling Sutherland-Hodgernan Polygon
Clipping
General Scaling Directions
Weiler-Atherton Polygon Clipping
Concatenation Properties
Other Polygon-Clipping Algorithms
General Composite Transformations
and Computational Efficiency Curve Clipping
5-4 Other Transformations Text Clipping
Reflection Exterior Clipping
Shear Summary
5-5 Transformations Between Coordinate References
Systems 205 Exercises
PREFACE xvii Stereoscopic and Virtual-Reality
Systems
A Survey of Computer
1 Graphics 2
2-2 Raster-Scan System!;
Video Controller
Raster-Scan Display Processor
Computer-Aided Design 2-3 Random-Scan Systems
Presentation Graphics 'I 2-4 Graphics Monitors and Workstations
Computer Art l 3 2-5 Input Devices
Entertainment 18 Keyboards
Education and Training 21 Mouse
Visualization 25 Trackball and Spaceball
Image Processing 32 Joysticks
Graphical User Interfaces 34 Data Glove
Digitizers
Image Scanners
Touch Panels
Overview of Graphics Light Pens
2 systems 35 2-6
Voice Systems
Hard-Copy Devices
2-1 VideoDisplayDevices 36 2-7 Graphics Software
Refresh Cathode-Ray Tubes 37 Coordinate Representations
Raster-Scan Displays 40 Graphics Functions
Random-Scan Displays 41 Software Standards
Color CRT Monitors 42 PHIGS Workstations
Direct-View Storage Tubes 4.5 Summary
Flat-Panel Displays 45 References
Three-Dimensional Viewing Devices 49 Exercises
vii
, Contents
Summary
3 Outout Primitives 83 Applications
References
Points and Lines Exercises
Line-Drawing Algorithms
DDA Algorithm
Bresenham's Line Algorithm
Parallel Line Algorithms Attributes of Output
Loading the Frame Buffer Primitives 143
Line Function
Circle-Generating Algorithms Line Attributes
Properties of Circles Line Type
Midpoint Circle Algorithm Line Width
Ellipse-Generating Algorithms Pen and Brush Options
Properties of Ellipses Line Color
Midpoint Ellipse Algorithm Curve Attributes
Other Curves Color and Grayscale Levels
Conic Sections Color Tables
Polynomials and Spline Curves Grayscale
Parallel Curve Algorithms Area-Fill Attributes
Curve Functions Fill Styles
Pixel Addressing Pattern Fill
and Object Geometry Soft Fill
Screen Grid Coordinates Character Attributes
Maintaining Geometric Properties Text Attributes
of Displayed Objects Marker Attributes
Filled-Area Primitives Bundled Attributes
Scan-Line Polygon Fill Algorithm Bundled Line Attributes
Inside-Outside Tests Bundled Area-Fi Attributes
Scan-Line Fill of Curved Boundary Bundled Text Attributes
Areas Bundled Marker Attributes
Boundary-Fill Algorithm
Inquiry Functions
Flood-FillAlgorithm
Antialiasing
Fill-Area Functions Supersampling Straight Line
Cell Array Segments
Character Generation Pixel-Weighting Masks
, Contents
Area Sampling Straight Line 5-6 Aff ine Transformations 208
Segments 174 5-7 Transformation Functions 208
Filtering Techniques 174 5-8 Raster Methods for Transformations 210
Pixel Phasing 175
Summary 212
Compensating for Line lntensity
References 21 3
Differences 1 75
Antialiasing Area Boundaries 176 Exercises 213
Summary
Two-Dimensional
References
Exercises 180 6 Viewing 21 6
6-1 The Viewing Pipeline
6-2 Viewing Coordinate Reference Frame
Two-Dimensional Geometric
5 Transformations 183
6-3 Window-teviewport Coordinate
Transformation
Two-Dimensional Wewing Functions
5-1 Basic Transformations
Translation Clipping Operations
Rotation Point Clipping
Scaling Line Clipping
5-2 Matrix Representations Cohen-Sutherland Line Clipping
and Homogeneous Coordinates Liang-Barsky Line Clipping
5-3 Composite Transformations Nicholl-Lee-Nicholl Line Clipping
Translations Line Clipping Using Nonrectangular
Rotations Clip Windows
Scalings Splitting Concave Polygons
General Pivot-Point Rotation Polygon Clipping
General Fixed-Point Scaling Sutherland-Hodgernan Polygon
Clipping
General Scaling Directions
Weiler-Atherton Polygon Clipping
Concatenation Properties
Other Polygon-Clipping Algorithms
General Composite Transformations
and Computational Efficiency Curve Clipping
5-4 Other Transformations Text Clipping
Reflection Exterior Clipping
Shear Summary
5-5 Transformations Between Coordinate References
Systems 205 Exercises
