2025 CRISIS 2 EXAM 3 VERIFIED QUESTIONS WITH ACTUAL ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS) ALREADY GRADED A+

2025 CRISIS 2 EXAM 3 VERIFIED
QUESTIONS WITH ACTUAL
ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
ALREADY GRADED A+
Kidney Purpose - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Responsible for the removal of
metabolic waste and other elements from the blood in the form of urine

Potassium - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Must be restricted in diabetic patient's diet

BUN and Creatinine - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Increase when the kidneys are
not functioning properly

Normal Creatinine - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>0.6-1.5

Prerenal Injuries - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Injuries that happen before they
reach the kidney. Includes heart failure, blood loss, etc

Intrarenal Injuries - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Injuries that happen inside the
kidney. Includes kidney stones, infection, tumors, etc

Postrenal Injuries - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Injuries that happen after they
reach the kidney. Includes moving kidney stones, bladder blockage, prostate
enlargement, etc

Chronic Kidney Disease - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Progressive, irreversible
kidney disease.

Causes: Leading causes are Hypertension and Diabetes; other causes = acute
kidney injury, chronic glomerulonephritis, nephrotoxic medications (gentamicin,
NSAIDs), autoimmune disorders (systemic lupus), polycystic kidney disease,
pyelonephritis, renal artery stenosis, recurrent severe infections

Graded based on stages: 1-5

Signs of Chronic Kidney Disease - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Signs of fluid
volume overload

1

,Neurologic - lethargy
Cardiovascular - hypertension, heart failure
Respiratory - crackles, shortness of breath
Hematologic - anemia (erythropoietin decreased)
Gastrointestinal - nausea, vomiting
Musculoskeletal - osteodystrophy (thin fragile bones)
Renal - urine decreased amount, change in concentration
Skin - dry, pruritus, urea crystal on skin (uremic frost)

Sodium Polystyrene (Kayexalate) - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Increases the
elimination of serum potassium

Epoetin Alfa - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Stimulates production of red blood cells

Bind phosphate in bowel and in excrement - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Calcium
Carbonate (Caltrate), Calcium Acetate (PhosLo), Sevelamer Hydrochloride
(Renagel)

Normal GFR - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>60ml/min

Importance of GFR - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>If it is low, meds affecting the
kidneys will stay in the system for longer

Renal Diet Restrictions - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Low sodium
Low potassium
Low phosphorus
High protein if in Chronic Renal Failure
High fiber

Peritoneal Dialysis - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Instillation of hypertonic solution
into the peritoneal cavity and subsequent dwell times
Drain the dialysate solution that includes the waste products
The peritoneum serves as the filtration membrane

Hemodialysis - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Shunts blood from the body through a
dialyzer and back into circulation. Requires vascular access

Two needles placed in fistula or graft
One needle is placed to pull blood from the circulation to the machine
The other needle is used to return the dialyzed blood to the patient
2

,Dialysis Access Options - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Dual-lumen catheter

Arteriovenous fistula or arteriovenous graft (check if hear bruit and feel palpable
thrill)

When a patient has an AV fistula or graft on their arm... - CORRECT
ANSWER>>>>Avoid measuring bp, giving injections, performing venipunctures
or inserting IV catheters there

Dialysis Schedule - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Three times per week for 3 - 5
hour sessions

There are 2 needles inserted, one into an artery and one into a vein

Things to monitor for during dialysis - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Monitor for
hypotension, cramping, vomiting, bleeding at the access site

Disequilibrium Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>An overly rapid decrease
of BUN and circulating fluid volume can result in cerebral edema and increased
intracranial pressure

Peritoneal Dialysis Priorities - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Access dry weight
Determine client's ability to self-perform
Monitor VS
Monitor Dialysis Exchange = Infuse dialysate, dwell time, outflow
Monitor color - clear, light yellow
Monitor for infection - fever, bloody or cloudy dialysate return; check access site
for infection; abdomen pain

Glomerulonephritis - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Inflammation of the glomeruli
that filter urine. Can occur in the glomeruli on its own or be a result of other health
disorders - lupus erythematosus, diabetic nephropathy - and results in glomerular
injury

Signs are anorexia, nausea, dysuria, oliguria, fatigue, hypertension, difficulty
breathing, crackles, weight gain, reddish-brown or cola-colored urine

Urinalysis shows RBCs and protein, GFR is decreased, high potassium &
phosphorus, low calcium
3

, Nephrotic Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Occurs when the glomerulus is
excessively permeable to plasma protein, causing proteinuria that leads to low
plasma albumin and tissue edema

Signs: massive proteinuria, hypertension, hypoalbuminemia, foamy urine

Polycystic Kidney Disease - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Congenital disorder
where clusters of fluid-filled cysts develop in the nephrons
Healthy tissue is replaced by fluid filled by non functioning cysts
Signs:
Abdominal or flank pain
Enlarged abdominal girth
Progressive kidney failure
Bloody and/or cloudy urine
Constipation

Healthy Potassium Level - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>3.5 - 5

Healthy Creatinine Level - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>0.6-1.5

Normal BUN/creatinine Ratio - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>10:1

KUB - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Kidney-ureter-bladder x-ray, no contrast, may
need bowel prep., painless

Relevant Findings in CT scans - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Masses, metastasis,
lymphadenopathy

MRI - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>More sensitive in differentiating cysts vs.
neoplasms

Urinalysis Normal Values - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>pH - 4.5-8
Specific gravity - 1.005-1.025
Glucose - ≤130 mg/d
Urobilirubin - Small amount (0.5-1 mg/dL)
Blood - ≤3 RBCs
Protein - ≤150 mg/d
RBCs - ≤2 RBCs/hpf
WBCs - ≤2-5 WBCs/hpf
4