Peds: Final Exam Test Bank
Course
PEDS 204
1. Question:
A 2-month-old infant presents with poor feeding, lethargy, and a bulging anterior fontanelle.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Bacterial meningitis
Explanation: The symptoms suggest increased intracranial pressure and infection; bacterial
meningitis is a common serious cause in infants.
2. Question:
Which vaccine is contraindicated in a child with a severe egg allergy?
Answer: Influenza vaccine (live attenuated nasal spray)
Explanation: While most egg-allergic children can safely receive flu vaccines, the live
attenuated form is often avoided or used cautiously.
3. Question:
What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
Answer: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Explanation: RSV is the predominant viral agent causing bronchiolitis, especially in infants
under 1 year.
4. Question:
A 5-year-old child presents with a “slapped cheek” rash and mild fever. What is the causative
agent?
Answer: Parvovirus B19
Explanation: The classic rash and mild symptoms describe erythema infectiosum (“slapped
cheek disease”).
5. Question:
Which electrolyte abnormality is most concerning in a child with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Answer: Hypokalemia
Explanation: Treatment with insulin and fluids shifts potassium intracellularly, risking
dangerous hypokalemia.
,6. Question:
At what age should solid foods generally be introduced to an infant?
Answer: Around 6 months
Explanation: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends starting solids around 6
months.
7. Question:
What is the first-line treatment for pediatric asthma exacerbation?
Answer: Short-acting beta-2 agonists (e.g., albuterol)
Explanation: These bronchodilators provide rapid relief of airway constriction.
8. Question:
Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a "machinery" murmur?
Answer: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Explanation: PDA produces a continuous murmur described as “machinery-like.”
9. Question:
What is the hallmark symptom of intussusception in infants?
Answer: Intermittent, severe abdominal pain with "currant jelly" stools
Explanation: Intussusception causes bowel obstruction and bleeding leading to characteristic
stools.
10. Question:
A child with fever, sore throat, and strawberry tongue is suspected to have:
Answer: Scarlet fever
Explanation: Scarlet fever results from Group A Streptococcus exotoxin with characteristic rash
and tongue changes.
11. Question:
What is the most common cause of otitis media in children?
Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Explanation: S. pneumoniae is the leading bacterial pathogen in acute otitis media.
12. Question:
A 3-year-old presents with a “barking” cough and inspiratory stridor. What is the likely
diagnosis?
,Answer: Croup (laryngotracheitis)
Explanation: Viral croup causes upper airway inflammation producing the characteristic barky
cough.
13. Question:
What is the preferred treatment for Kawasaki disease to prevent coronary artery aneurysms?
Answer: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin
Explanation: IVIG plus aspirin reduces inflammation and vascular complications.
14. Question:
Which of the following is a contraindication to breastfeeding?
Answer: Infant with galactosemia
Explanation: Galactosemia requires avoidance of lactose-containing breast milk.
15. Question:
What is the initial diagnostic test for suspected developmental dysplasia of the hip in an infant?
Answer: Ultrasound of the hips
Explanation: Ultrasound is preferred in infants under 6 months for soft tissue and cartilage
visualization.
16. Question:
Which metabolic disorder causes maple syrup–smelling urine in infants?
Answer: Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
Explanation: MSUD results from branched-chain amino acid metabolism defects causing
characteristic urine odor.
17. Question:
A neonate with persistent vomiting and a palpable “olive-shaped” mass in the abdomen most
likely has:
Answer: Pyloric stenosis
Explanation: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis causes projectile vomiting and palpable mass.
18. Question:
What vaccine is recommended at birth?
, Answer: Hepatitis B vaccine
Explanation: The first dose of Hep B vaccine is given within 24 hours of birth.
19. Question:
A child presents with a fever and “sandpaper” rash. Which illness is this?
Answer: Scarlet fever
Explanation: Caused by Group A Streptococcus producing erythrogenic toxin.
20. Question:
Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets in children?
Answer: Vitamin D deficiency
Explanation: Lack of vitamin D impairs calcium absorption, causing defective bone
mineralization.
21. Question:
What is the hallmark lab finding in iron deficiency anemia?
Answer: Microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells
Explanation: Iron deficiency anemia produces small, pale RBCs due to impaired hemoglobin
synthesis.
22. Question:
Which congenital infection is associated with “blueberry muffin” rash and sensorineural hearing
loss?
Answer: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
Explanation: CMV causes petechiae, hearing loss, and neurodevelopmental issues.
23. Question:
What is the first-line treatment for acute otitis media?
Answer: Amoxicillin
Explanation: Amoxicillin is the preferred initial antibiotic for uncomplicated otitis media.
24. Question:
Which pediatric condition is characterized by “painless” rectal bleeding?
Course
PEDS 204
1. Question:
A 2-month-old infant presents with poor feeding, lethargy, and a bulging anterior fontanelle.
What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Bacterial meningitis
Explanation: The symptoms suggest increased intracranial pressure and infection; bacterial
meningitis is a common serious cause in infants.
2. Question:
Which vaccine is contraindicated in a child with a severe egg allergy?
Answer: Influenza vaccine (live attenuated nasal spray)
Explanation: While most egg-allergic children can safely receive flu vaccines, the live
attenuated form is often avoided or used cautiously.
3. Question:
What is the most common cause of bronchiolitis in infants?
Answer: Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
Explanation: RSV is the predominant viral agent causing bronchiolitis, especially in infants
under 1 year.
4. Question:
A 5-year-old child presents with a “slapped cheek” rash and mild fever. What is the causative
agent?
Answer: Parvovirus B19
Explanation: The classic rash and mild symptoms describe erythema infectiosum (“slapped
cheek disease”).
5. Question:
Which electrolyte abnormality is most concerning in a child with diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Answer: Hypokalemia
Explanation: Treatment with insulin and fluids shifts potassium intracellularly, risking
dangerous hypokalemia.
,6. Question:
At what age should solid foods generally be introduced to an infant?
Answer: Around 6 months
Explanation: The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends starting solids around 6
months.
7. Question:
What is the first-line treatment for pediatric asthma exacerbation?
Answer: Short-acting beta-2 agonists (e.g., albuterol)
Explanation: These bronchodilators provide rapid relief of airway constriction.
8. Question:
Which congenital heart defect is characterized by a "machinery" murmur?
Answer: Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
Explanation: PDA produces a continuous murmur described as “machinery-like.”
9. Question:
What is the hallmark symptom of intussusception in infants?
Answer: Intermittent, severe abdominal pain with "currant jelly" stools
Explanation: Intussusception causes bowel obstruction and bleeding leading to characteristic
stools.
10. Question:
A child with fever, sore throat, and strawberry tongue is suspected to have:
Answer: Scarlet fever
Explanation: Scarlet fever results from Group A Streptococcus exotoxin with characteristic rash
and tongue changes.
11. Question:
What is the most common cause of otitis media in children?
Answer: Streptococcus pneumoniae
Explanation: S. pneumoniae is the leading bacterial pathogen in acute otitis media.
12. Question:
A 3-year-old presents with a “barking” cough and inspiratory stridor. What is the likely
diagnosis?
,Answer: Croup (laryngotracheitis)
Explanation: Viral croup causes upper airway inflammation producing the characteristic barky
cough.
13. Question:
What is the preferred treatment for Kawasaki disease to prevent coronary artery aneurysms?
Answer: Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and aspirin
Explanation: IVIG plus aspirin reduces inflammation and vascular complications.
14. Question:
Which of the following is a contraindication to breastfeeding?
Answer: Infant with galactosemia
Explanation: Galactosemia requires avoidance of lactose-containing breast milk.
15. Question:
What is the initial diagnostic test for suspected developmental dysplasia of the hip in an infant?
Answer: Ultrasound of the hips
Explanation: Ultrasound is preferred in infants under 6 months for soft tissue and cartilage
visualization.
16. Question:
Which metabolic disorder causes maple syrup–smelling urine in infants?
Answer: Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD)
Explanation: MSUD results from branched-chain amino acid metabolism defects causing
characteristic urine odor.
17. Question:
A neonate with persistent vomiting and a palpable “olive-shaped” mass in the abdomen most
likely has:
Answer: Pyloric stenosis
Explanation: Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis causes projectile vomiting and palpable mass.
18. Question:
What vaccine is recommended at birth?
, Answer: Hepatitis B vaccine
Explanation: The first dose of Hep B vaccine is given within 24 hours of birth.
19. Question:
A child presents with a fever and “sandpaper” rash. Which illness is this?
Answer: Scarlet fever
Explanation: Caused by Group A Streptococcus producing erythrogenic toxin.
20. Question:
Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets in children?
Answer: Vitamin D deficiency
Explanation: Lack of vitamin D impairs calcium absorption, causing defective bone
mineralization.
21. Question:
What is the hallmark lab finding in iron deficiency anemia?
Answer: Microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells
Explanation: Iron deficiency anemia produces small, pale RBCs due to impaired hemoglobin
synthesis.
22. Question:
Which congenital infection is associated with “blueberry muffin” rash and sensorineural hearing
loss?
Answer: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
Explanation: CMV causes petechiae, hearing loss, and neurodevelopmental issues.
23. Question:
What is the first-line treatment for acute otitis media?
Answer: Amoxicillin
Explanation: Amoxicillin is the preferred initial antibiotic for uncomplicated otitis media.
24. Question:
Which pediatric condition is characterized by “painless” rectal bleeding?
