NUR 2063 Pathophysiology Exam 1|complete study guide with high yield questions and 100% right/authentic answers|already graded a|geT a pass on your first trial|latest updated version 2025

What is Pathophysiology - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️is the study of what happens when the normal anatomy and physiology go wrong, causing disorder and disease process of the human body. What 4 things does pathophysiology include? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Etiology, Pathogenesis, Clinical Manifestations, and Treatment Implications What is etiology - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️study of causes or reasons for phenomena. Includes Idiopathic conditions that have an unknown origin or cause. What is pathogenesis? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️development or evolution of disease from initial stimulus to the expression of manifestations as time occurs. What are clinical manifestations? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Signs and symptoms of disorder. What are treatment implications? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Which combine the etology, pathogenesis, and clinical manifestations to determine the best treatment of condition per individual. What are signs? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Objective or observed manifestations of disease. What are symptoms? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Subjective feelings of abnormality in the body. What is objective data - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️What you observe and can measure. What are examples of objective data? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️rash, low blood pressure, bleeding What is subjective data? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️What the patient may report to you What are examples of subjective data? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️pain scale, they feel suicidal, fatigued. What is epidemiology? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️study of the patterns of disease involving populations. Based on the spread and contact of diseases in people. What are the levels of disease prevention? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Explain Primary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️"Preventing"; altering susceptibility or reducing exposure of disease for people. Examples of Primary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Vaccinations and Handwashing Explain Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️"Screening"; early detection, screening, and management of disease to catch disease early before it spreads Examples of Secondary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️PAP smears for STDs, lab work for HBA1C check, mammogram Explain Tertiary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️"Treating" and preventing further complications from a disorder or disease after the person has the condition Examples of Tertiary Prevention - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Rehab for hip surgery, relearning ADL's after amputation, Wound care after stroke to prevent pressure ulcers. What is homeostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️a state of equilibrium in which all body systems are in balance and the body is at its most optimal in functioning. Stable. What is allostasis? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️ability to successfully adapt to challenges. It is not a balance but an attempt to adapt to achieve homeostasis. Example: sweating to lower ones body temp. Stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️alarm, resistance, exhaustion Explain alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Where the sympathetic nervous system is activated due to stress. Fight or Flight responses are activated and energy is given off by the HPA axis to flee or fight the danger ahead. Blood must be redirected to vital organs in this stage to give the organs energy to work. Explain Resistance stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️the activity of the Parasympathetic Nervous system and the endocrine system to return the body to homeostasis. The body should ultimately adapt to the stressor. Explain the exhaustion stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Occurs when the stressor is not removed or overcome in the body. The body can no longer return to homeostasis after prolonged exposure to stressor. It causes the body to be depleted and damaged that can lead to disease or death. What complications can occur if stressors are not resolved from general adaptation syndrome? - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️disease can occur physically and mentally, such as anxiety, depression, headaches, insomnia, infection, and heart disease. Name the hormones released during alarm stage of general adaptation syndrome - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Corticotrophin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, catecholamines( norepinephrine and epinephrine) and cortisol Explain the Role of corticotrophin releasing hormone in alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️activates the sympathetic nervous system and adrenocorticotropic hormone. Explain the role of norepinephrine during alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️helps to slow down certain organs such as the GI and GU systems to prepare the body for fight or flight. Explain the role of epinephrine during alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Stimulates the fight or flight response by increasing heart rate, bronchodilation of the lungs to increase respirations and amount of air let in, dilates pupils to let more light in, stimulates more glucose to be released. Explain the role of cortisol during alarm stage - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️released by ACTH reaching the adrenal cortex, this allows for more energy creation to increase glucose and to reduce inflammation. Suppresses the immune system. Explain the symptoms of a sympathetic nervous system response - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Pupils dilate, salivation inhibited, increase in HR, bronchodilation of airway, increased respirations, glucose release, inhibit GI/GU. Explain the symptoms of a parasympathetic nervous system response - CORRECT ANSWERS.️️Pupils constrict, salivation occurs, decreased HR, bronchoconstriction, decreased respiration, GI/GU systems resume action.