Biology
, Table of Contents
1 Biodiversity and Classification 1-33
21 Bacteria and Viruses 34-48
31 Cells and Subcellular Organelles 49-90
41 Molecular Biology 91-125
51 Enzymes 126-139
61 Bioenergetics 140-166
71 Structural and Computational Biology 167-176
81 Plant Physiology 177-201
91 Human Digestive System 202-214
10
1 Human Respiratory System 215-230
111 Human Circulatory System 231-253
12
1 Human Skeletal and Muscular Systems 253-278
1 Glossary 279-284
,
, 1
STUDENTS’LEARNING OUTCOMES
.
After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:
. Discuss the meaning of the terms species and speciation.
. Describe the classification of organisms into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
Describe the classification of organisms in the Eukarya domain into the taxonomic hierarchy of
. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
Outline the characteristic features of the kingdoms Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and
. Animalia.
.. Outline how viruses are classified.
Define the terms ecosystem and niche.
.. Explain the different levels at which biodiversity can be assessed.
Explain the importance of random sampling in determining the biodiversity of an area.
Describe and use suitable methods to assess the distribution and abundance of organisms in an
area.
Biodiversity and classification are fundamental concepts in biology that provide
insight into the vast array of life forms on Earth and their evolutionary relationships. In
this chapter, we will study the biodiversity, highlighting the variety of life at genetic,
species, and ecosystem levels. We will also explore the principles and methods of
biological classification, which scientists use to organize and categorize organisms.
1.1- THREE- DOMAIN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
According to the five-kingdom classification The evolutionary relationship among
system, proposed by American ecologists Rebert organisms is called phylogeny. The
Whittaker in 1969, all organisms were divided into diagram to show phylogeny, is called
five kingdoms i.e., Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, phylogenetic or evolutionary tree.
and Animalia. According to this system, the Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya
kingdom Monera included prokaryotes while Domain Archaea
all the other four kingdoms included
eukaryotes. In 1990, American microbiologist
Carl Woese suggested that there are two
separate groups of prokaryotes i.e., Archaea
and Bacteria. On the basis, he classified living
organisms into three domains i.e., domain
Archaea, domain Bacteria and domain Common
Ancestor
Eukarya. According to his three-domain
Figure 1.1: Evolutionary tree of the three domains
1
, Table of Contents
1 Biodiversity and Classification 1-33
21 Bacteria and Viruses 34-48
31 Cells and Subcellular Organelles 49-90
41 Molecular Biology 91-125
51 Enzymes 126-139
61 Bioenergetics 140-166
71 Structural and Computational Biology 167-176
81 Plant Physiology 177-201
91 Human Digestive System 202-214
10
1 Human Respiratory System 215-230
111 Human Circulatory System 231-253
12
1 Human Skeletal and Muscular Systems 253-278
1 Glossary 279-284
,
, 1
STUDENTS’LEARNING OUTCOMES
.
After studying this chapter, the students will be able to:
. Discuss the meaning of the terms species and speciation.
. Describe the classification of organisms into three domains: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya.
Describe the classification of organisms in the Eukarya domain into the taxonomic hierarchy of
. kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus and species.
Outline the characteristic features of the kingdoms Monera, Protoctista, Fungi, Plantae and
. Animalia.
.. Outline how viruses are classified.
Define the terms ecosystem and niche.
.. Explain the different levels at which biodiversity can be assessed.
Explain the importance of random sampling in determining the biodiversity of an area.
Describe and use suitable methods to assess the distribution and abundance of organisms in an
area.
Biodiversity and classification are fundamental concepts in biology that provide
insight into the vast array of life forms on Earth and their evolutionary relationships. In
this chapter, we will study the biodiversity, highlighting the variety of life at genetic,
species, and ecosystem levels. We will also explore the principles and methods of
biological classification, which scientists use to organize and categorize organisms.
1.1- THREE- DOMAIN SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
According to the five-kingdom classification The evolutionary relationship among
system, proposed by American ecologists Rebert organisms is called phylogeny. The
Whittaker in 1969, all organisms were divided into diagram to show phylogeny, is called
five kingdoms i.e., Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, phylogenetic or evolutionary tree.
and Animalia. According to this system, the Domain Bacteria Domain Eukarya
kingdom Monera included prokaryotes while Domain Archaea
all the other four kingdoms included
eukaryotes. In 1990, American microbiologist
Carl Woese suggested that there are two
separate groups of prokaryotes i.e., Archaea
and Bacteria. On the basis, he classified living
organisms into three domains i.e., domain
Archaea, domain Bacteria and domain Common
Ancestor
Eukarya. According to his three-domain
Figure 1.1: Evolutionary tree of the three domains
1
