PSYCH 242 UIC EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE || 100%
ACCURATE ANSWERS.
The three qualifications of science correct answers 1. Systematic Empiricism
2. Empirical Questions
3. Public Knowledge
The three qualifications of an Experiment correct answers 1. Manipulation of IV:
ex:-sweet or bitter drink
2. All other variables held constant:
ex:-room, chairs, temperature, mood of research, same
3. Random assignment to groups:
-if the IV is not manipulated, it is not an experiment!
-if all the other variables are not held constant, it is not an experiment
-if participants are not randomly assigned to groups, it is not an experiment
-Have to have ALL three features in order for it to be an experiment
Correlation does not imply: correct answers causation! (Just because two variables are
correlated, does not mean one caused the other!)
Reliability vs Validity for measurement correct answers Reliability refers to the consistency of a
measure (whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions). Validity refers to the
accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to
measure).
What is a population? correct answers The ENTIRE group about which we are trying to draw
conclusions
-E.g., Sensation-seeking and extroversion
, -Who does this apply to?
•Everybody
What is a sample? correct answers -A small subset of the population that a researcher studies
-Ideally representative of the population
-Simple random sample
Sampling the ENTIRE population at random... can be impossible
What is an independent variable? (IV) What are the conditions/levels of an IV? correct answers
researcher observes. If an experiment compares an experimental treatment with a control
treatment, then the independent variable (type of treatment) has two levels: experimental and
control.
What is a dependent variable (DV)? correct answers Subjects responses
Between vs within designs correct answers Between-subjects (or between-groups) study design:
different people test each condition, so that each person is only exposed to a single user interface.
Within-subjects (or repeated-measures) study design: the same person tests all the conditions
(i.e., all the user interfaces).
What is a theory? correct answers An established model or framework for how or why a
phenomenon occurs
What is a hypothesis? correct answers Hypotheses used in empirical studies to test
theory...specific prediction about a study (hypothesis is NOT a theory)
What is a phenomenon? correct answers Phenomenon = An occurrence that has been studied
empirically (i.e., through research)
-e.g., why do apples fall off trees? Why do objects fall to the ground when I drop them?
ACCURATE ANSWERS.
The three qualifications of science correct answers 1. Systematic Empiricism
2. Empirical Questions
3. Public Knowledge
The three qualifications of an Experiment correct answers 1. Manipulation of IV:
ex:-sweet or bitter drink
2. All other variables held constant:
ex:-room, chairs, temperature, mood of research, same
3. Random assignment to groups:
-if the IV is not manipulated, it is not an experiment!
-if all the other variables are not held constant, it is not an experiment
-if participants are not randomly assigned to groups, it is not an experiment
-Have to have ALL three features in order for it to be an experiment
Correlation does not imply: correct answers causation! (Just because two variables are
correlated, does not mean one caused the other!)
Reliability vs Validity for measurement correct answers Reliability refers to the consistency of a
measure (whether the results can be reproduced under the same conditions). Validity refers to the
accuracy of a measure (whether the results really do represent what they are supposed to
measure).
What is a population? correct answers The ENTIRE group about which we are trying to draw
conclusions
-E.g., Sensation-seeking and extroversion
, -Who does this apply to?
•Everybody
What is a sample? correct answers -A small subset of the population that a researcher studies
-Ideally representative of the population
-Simple random sample
Sampling the ENTIRE population at random... can be impossible
What is an independent variable? (IV) What are the conditions/levels of an IV? correct answers
researcher observes. If an experiment compares an experimental treatment with a control
treatment, then the independent variable (type of treatment) has two levels: experimental and
control.
What is a dependent variable (DV)? correct answers Subjects responses
Between vs within designs correct answers Between-subjects (or between-groups) study design:
different people test each condition, so that each person is only exposed to a single user interface.
Within-subjects (or repeated-measures) study design: the same person tests all the conditions
(i.e., all the user interfaces).
What is a theory? correct answers An established model or framework for how or why a
phenomenon occurs
What is a hypothesis? correct answers Hypotheses used in empirical studies to test
theory...specific prediction about a study (hypothesis is NOT a theory)
What is a phenomenon? correct answers Phenomenon = An occurrence that has been studied
empirically (i.e., through research)
-e.g., why do apples fall off trees? Why do objects fall to the ground when I drop them?
