BIO 112


Semester 1


September


2024

,Bio 112-Unit 1 : cells & membrane

Unit 1 1 general properties and
types of cells
.
:




cell theory
↳
of
all organisms are made up cells

↳
the cell is the smallest .
& fundamental unit of life

↳
from cells
cells come
pre-existing



3 domains of life

1 .

Bacteria-greatest biodiversity & history prokaryotes
.
2 Archaea-eukaryote's decendents

.
3
Eukarya-plants ,
animals , fungi cells eurkaryotes


Characteristics



PROKARYOTES EUKARYOTES
To be cell :



↳ self
unicellular/simple
·




replicating
·

multicellular unicellular/multicellular

↳
organisms organisms live withouthost

↳ ↳
organisms : individual creature protist : unicellular
eukaryote
Canimal , plant ,




Single celled life forms
·



evolved later from prokaryotes
·




staying alive

↳
small size multicellular organism -> perform fux
↳ ↳
reproduce quickly larger
↳
Obtain from sources nucleus
energy diff /membrane surrounding
↳ nucleur
envolope

·




no nucleus
organelles -
carries out more fnxs

↳ ↳
DNA in Internal membranes
Cyto



·


chromosome > linear
-
·


chromosome -
circular




cytosol found in both


Genome + entire Set of DNA instructions found in cell




Prokaryotes Eukaryotes


88
nucleus




-




000000
chloroplast
found
genome
i 00



nucleoid * Mitochondria
plasmid


genomes found




Endosymbiosis
within
Called Endosymbionts (
certain
organelles eukaryotes
↳ 2 membranes resemble prokaryotic cells

↳ inner structure =
pro cell (ie . Cyto +
mito)
↳Contain circular
genomes >
- codes for
genes "bacteria like characteristics

double membrane
·


Similar DNA sequence

circular chromosome binary fission
grow/multiply by

have ribosomes , syn proteins

,Unit 2 S
1 .
:
bacterial eukaryote cell
growth in lab




Individual cells

·

cell cycle
↳
metabolism

↳
protein
Binary Fission
synthesis
↳
replicate DNA




cells in culture >
-

starts at inoculation of fresh batch growth medium / small amount of old culture

behavior
·



cell population in Culture/media due to :




1. to environment
adjusting ↑




.
2


·
limited resources




-
4 phases
&
time




1 .


lag-cells growing but not dividing (making proteins needed to thrive) (MostDNA) & transcription /lation happens in


.
2
log-population undergoes binary fission -
constant
growth rate (mostliving cells) at least "2 the cells during

.
3 (start of due to nutrients/metabolic)
Stationary Key nutrients start depleting death log lag
stationary but
-

, ,

L
NO NET GROWTH -
&
equal dividing lag
+ DNA
dying rep only in log

4. =
death-limited nutrients , high build up of waste more dying then activly dividing


Unit 1 3 :
for biology
.


Chemistry


Interactions between molecules
-


fax of cell dependent on chem bond/interactions

covalent bonds
-
e
sharing
↳ +
partial
polar unequal permanent dipole charge
-




↳ polar
non
equal sharing of e-
-




Molec of life made of carbon skeletons decorated w/ fax
groups
ionic fax groups
glucose fatty add



carboxyl
group



hydroxyl
group
acetic acid methylamine




Electro negativity
eg .




charged/ionic non polar
Polar Covalent Non-polar
Polar


N S C
-
H = P

non-polar
↑ electro ↓ electro




charged polar
·



polar covalent form between I high I low ionic



between Similar
·




non-polar forms

, covalent

Covalent vs non-covalent interactions L




Covalently linked-shared e- ,
more permenent/strong (partial charges -




non-covertent interaction electrostatic (no sharing) weaker/less Permanent (no charge)
-

interaction ,




non-covalent



Induced dipole
↳
ions & dipoles induce in molec . Cattract/repel e- charge
dipole neighboring non-polar weak
=
permanent can


↳
non-polar molec can also induce dipole in other non-polar mole/weak charge



H-bond -
interaction of H8t and electronegative atom
Bond/interaction type
strong
> covalent
St
-




PD-PD in which atom w/ is hydrogen
>
-
-

non- ion-ion (ionic
stronger than most PD-PP
covalent

> Maintain 3-D structure of ion-PD
macromolecules
-




H-bond


Macromolecules formed covalent PD-PD
by monomers
joining by
that interact ion-ID
bonds to form polymers wh other polymers
PD-ID
by covalent interactions >
large structures
-

non
Y

weak ID-ID




Unit 1 4 :
.
intro to macromolecules




Y :
major macromolecules


1 proteins Structural support (eg catalysts
-

.




.
2 Nucleic acid-encode/transmits genetic info (eg. DNA)

carbohydrates cell leg glucose
-




.
3 energy + wall .




4 .
epids
-




energy ,
cell membrane ,
signaling (eg .
cell membrane




Eukaryotes
#
Nucleic acds (RNA) -


nucleus ,
cyto , mitochondrial matrix , plastid Stroma


↳
carbohydrates plastids cell wall
-



,




Bacteria
LID
cell
carbohydrates Cytoplasm wall
-


,




↳ to DNA
proteins-cyto , bound , cell membrane ,
outer membrane ·
Cell wall




at least bond
Organic contains C-H
-


molec one




Macro molecules are polymers

polymerization
covalent bond name
macromolecule monomer
directionality
acids bond
protein
amino peptide N + C




nucleic acids nucleotide phosphodiester bond 3 - 51




monosacchrides band 1 c >
-
4C
carbohydrates glycosidic
(simple Sugary




acds ester linkage diff
elpids fatty polymerizes