Brain Stories Exam 1 Questions With 100% Verified Solutions

Brain Stories Exam 1 Questions With 100% Verified Solutions Modularity Theory - ANSWER the notion that certain brain functions are mediated by specific anatomical areas of the brain Phrenology - ANSWER Put forward by Gall in 1796 and based on modularity of mind theory, the notion that PERSONALITY traits of a person can be derived from examination of the shape of the skull Double Dissociation - ANSWER refers to two cognitive faculties that are believed to be linked in some way where each can receive damage while the other remains intact and functioning Dualism - ANSWER a philosophy of mind suggested that mental phenomena are essentially non-physical, thus distinguishable from brainfunction EEG - ANSWER -electroencephalography a method by which gross electrical activity in the brain is measured fMRI - ANSWER -functional magnetic resonance imaging provides images of changes in blood oxygenation within the brain that are used to identify brain areas that are active during specific cognitive and linguistic tasks Information Processing Model - ANSWER an approach to the goal of understanding human thinking arising in the 1940s and 1950s -the essence of the approach is to see cognition as being essentially computational in nature, with mind being the the software and the brain being the hardware MRI - ANSWER -magnetic resonance imaging a non-invasive imaging technique that allows scientists to identify brain lesions in live patients Neuron - ANSWER nerve cell -contain a cell body, dendrites, and an axon Open-head Injury - ANSWER traumatic brain injury in which the skull is fractured or penetrated by an external force and the contents of the skulls are exposed Perseveration - ANSWER the tendency to repeat the same (to similar) response despite it no longer being appropriate Stroke - ANSWER any disruption in blood flow to the brain -also called cerebrovascular accident (CVA) or brain attack Tumors - ANSWER -or neoplasms tissue masses that arise from an abnormally fast rate of cell production Traumatic Brain Injury - ANSWER TBI -an insult to the brain produced by external forces that may cause a variety of temporary or permanent physical, cognitive, and behavioral impairments Module 2: Agnosia - ANSWER impaired ability to recognize what is "sensed" in spite of intact sensory function Aphasia - ANSWER a distribution in using and/or understanding language following neurological injury or disease Apraxia - ANSWER the inability to carry out representational MOTOR acts on instruction in the absence of difficulty comprehending the instruction or neuromuscular weakness or discoordination Apraxia of Speech - ANSWER difficulty volitionally planning, programming and positioning speech articulators for the production of speech sound sequences. Broca's Aphasia - ANSWER Acquired language disorder characterized by NONFLUENT language output and relatively spared language comprehension -understanding -awareness -automatic speech -LOSS OF SPEECH PROGRAMS -left inferior lateral frontal lobe Conduction Aphasia - ANSWER characterized by disproportionately significant expressive problems during repetition, but with relatively good comprehension, fluent spontaneous speech, and naming deficits Fluency - ANSWER in aphasia, refers to phrase length in the speech production of patients, as well as speech melody, articulatory agility, speech rate, and grammatical form Neologisms - ANSWER in aphasia, the substitution of non-words for intended words Paraphasias - ANSWER word substitution constituting errors in naming in aphasia Prosody - ANSWER refers to the rhythm, stress and intonation of speech production Wernicke's Aphasia - ANSWER LOSS OF MEMORY FOR WORD SOUNDS -fluent -not understanding -posterior of left superior temporal gyrus -phonological lexicon - recognize words Telegraphic Speech - ANSWER describes the agrammatic speech associated with non-fluent aphasia (Broca's) Module 3: Anomia: - ANSWER Difficulty retrieving the names of objects, people, locations, concepts, and actions. Anomic Aphasia: - ANSWER An aphasia characterized by a relatively