BANKING KAW AND PRACTICE (LAW
329) BLOOD BANKING MTAP REVIEWER
FOR MIDTERM EXAM 2025 LATEST
GUIDE.
, INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY Antigens, Genes and Phenotypes
(BLOOD BANKING)
Immunohematology System Antigens Genes Phenotypes
Combines aspects of; haematology, immunology &
genetics. o Immunologic reactions
Clinical Uses ABO A, B A, B, O A, B, O, AB
1. Blood transfusion
The science of Blood Transfusion is mainly
concerned with how to provide patients with:
KEL K, k K, k K-k+; K+k+; K+k- or
SAFE BLOOD (No transfusion reaction)
K-1,2; K1,2; K-1,2
EFFECTIVE therapy (Haemoglobin increment)
2. Pregnancy: Prevent haemolytic disease of the
new born and fetus. FY Fya, Fyb Fya, Fyb Fy(a+b+); Fy(a+b-);
3. Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia Fy(a+b-)
Review of Immunology
• The study of how the body defence itself against P P1 P1, P2 P1, P2
infections & diseases
• Immune system = defence ministry
Antigens and Antibodies Blood Group Antigens – Key Points
✓ BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS: ▪ Are present on RBCs as glycolipids, proteins
Present (predominantly) on red blood cells or glycoproteins
✓ BLOOD GROUP ANTIBODIES ▪ Are inherited characteristics
Present in plasma (or serum) ▪ Have biological function
▪ Most are assigned to one of 31 blood group
Blood Group Antigens systems
▪ 324 blood group antigens recognized
▪ 33 blood group systems Blood Group Antibodies
▪ 40 unassigned antigens EXPECTED
▪ Molecular biology of assigned antigens is ▪ Natural anti-A
known ▪ Natural anti-B
System Notations
UNEXPECTED
▪ Alloimmune
Common ISBT Common Name ISBT ▪ Autoimmune
Name Name Name ▪ Passive
Rh RH P P1PK Blood Group Antibodies – Key Points
▪ Are stimulated by exposure to foreign
antigens in the environment, or by
Kell KEL Colton CO transfusion or pregnancy
▪ Are usually IgM and/or IgG
Duffy FY Dombrock DO immunoglobulins
▪ Anti-A and anti-B are expected antibodies
(based on RBC ABO type)
Kidd JK Cartwright YT
▪ All non-ABO antibodies are unexpected
Lewis LE MNS MNS
Diego DI Lutheran LU
, Antigen-Antibody Reaction ▪ Different ethnic groups have disparate blood
Two Types of Tests group phenotype frequencies
▪ Direct agglutination test for IgM antibodies
▪ Indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) for IgG WEEK 2 HISTORY
antibodies Highlights of Transfusion Medicine History
Direct Tests – IgM Antibodies 1628 English physician William Harvey discovers the
ABO Typing
▪ Mix antibody and RBCs circulation of blood. Shortly afterward, the earliest
▪ Incubate (optional) known blood transfusion is attempted.
▪ Centrifuge (1000 x g, 15 seconds)
▪ Examine
▪ Record results 1665 The first recorded successful blood transfusion
occurs in England: Physician Richard Lower keeps
Antigen-Antibody Reactions – Key Points
▪ Two types of tests are used to demonstrate dogs alive by transfusion of blood from other dogs.
blood
group antigen-antibody reactions
• IgM antibodies are used (or detected) 1667 Jean-Baptiste Denis in France and Richard
by direct agglutination tests Lower in England separately report successful
• IgG antibodies are used (or detected)
by indirect transfusions from lambs to humans. Within 10 years,
antiglobulin tests transfusing the blood of animals to humans becomes
▪ The indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) utilizes
prohibited by law because of reactions.
antihuman globulin (AHG) reagent,
otherwise known as Coombs serum
1795 In Philadelphia, American physician Philip Syng
ABO Typing
Expected Reactions Physick, performs the first human blood transfusion,
although he does not publish this information.
RBCs + Plasma +
1818 James Blundell, a British obstetrician, performs
Type Anti-A Anti-B A1 RBCs B RBCs
the first successful transfusion of human blood to a
O 0 0 + + patient for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage.
Using the patient's husband as a donor, he extracts
A + 0 0 + approximately four ounces of blood from the
husband's arm and, using a syringe, successfully
B 0 + + 0 transfuses the wife. Between 1825 and 1830, he
performs 10 transfusions, five of which prove
AB + + 0 0 beneficial to his patients, and publishes these results.
He also devises various instruments for performing
transfusions and proposed rational indications.
ABO and Rh Typing – Key Points
▪ Can be done by tube, gel and solid-phase
assays 1840 At St. George's School in London, Samuel
▪ Two types of tests for RhD: a direct test, and
an IAT to detect weak expression of D Armstrong Lane, aided by consultant Dr. Blundell,
• Apparent D-negative donors (by performs the first successful whole blood transfusion
direct tests) must be tested for weak
D to treat hemophilia.
• Apparent D-negative patients need
not be tested for weak of D
329) BLOOD BANKING MTAP REVIEWER
FOR MIDTERM EXAM 2025 LATEST
GUIDE.
, INTRODUCTION TO IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY Antigens, Genes and Phenotypes
(BLOOD BANKING)
Immunohematology System Antigens Genes Phenotypes
Combines aspects of; haematology, immunology &
genetics. o Immunologic reactions
Clinical Uses ABO A, B A, B, O A, B, O, AB
1. Blood transfusion
The science of Blood Transfusion is mainly
concerned with how to provide patients with:
KEL K, k K, k K-k+; K+k+; K+k- or
SAFE BLOOD (No transfusion reaction)
K-1,2; K1,2; K-1,2
EFFECTIVE therapy (Haemoglobin increment)
2. Pregnancy: Prevent haemolytic disease of the
new born and fetus. FY Fya, Fyb Fya, Fyb Fy(a+b+); Fy(a+b-);
3. Autoimmune Haemolytic Anaemia Fy(a+b-)
Review of Immunology
• The study of how the body defence itself against P P1 P1, P2 P1, P2
infections & diseases
• Immune system = defence ministry
Antigens and Antibodies Blood Group Antigens – Key Points
✓ BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS: ▪ Are present on RBCs as glycolipids, proteins
Present (predominantly) on red blood cells or glycoproteins
✓ BLOOD GROUP ANTIBODIES ▪ Are inherited characteristics
Present in plasma (or serum) ▪ Have biological function
▪ Most are assigned to one of 31 blood group
Blood Group Antigens systems
▪ 324 blood group antigens recognized
▪ 33 blood group systems Blood Group Antibodies
▪ 40 unassigned antigens EXPECTED
▪ Molecular biology of assigned antigens is ▪ Natural anti-A
known ▪ Natural anti-B
System Notations
UNEXPECTED
▪ Alloimmune
Common ISBT Common Name ISBT ▪ Autoimmune
Name Name Name ▪ Passive
Rh RH P P1PK Blood Group Antibodies – Key Points
▪ Are stimulated by exposure to foreign
antigens in the environment, or by
Kell KEL Colton CO transfusion or pregnancy
▪ Are usually IgM and/or IgG
Duffy FY Dombrock DO immunoglobulins
▪ Anti-A and anti-B are expected antibodies
(based on RBC ABO type)
Kidd JK Cartwright YT
▪ All non-ABO antibodies are unexpected
Lewis LE MNS MNS
Diego DI Lutheran LU
, Antigen-Antibody Reaction ▪ Different ethnic groups have disparate blood
Two Types of Tests group phenotype frequencies
▪ Direct agglutination test for IgM antibodies
▪ Indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) for IgG WEEK 2 HISTORY
antibodies Highlights of Transfusion Medicine History
Direct Tests – IgM Antibodies 1628 English physician William Harvey discovers the
ABO Typing
▪ Mix antibody and RBCs circulation of blood. Shortly afterward, the earliest
▪ Incubate (optional) known blood transfusion is attempted.
▪ Centrifuge (1000 x g, 15 seconds)
▪ Examine
▪ Record results 1665 The first recorded successful blood transfusion
occurs in England: Physician Richard Lower keeps
Antigen-Antibody Reactions – Key Points
▪ Two types of tests are used to demonstrate dogs alive by transfusion of blood from other dogs.
blood
group antigen-antibody reactions
• IgM antibodies are used (or detected) 1667 Jean-Baptiste Denis in France and Richard
by direct agglutination tests Lower in England separately report successful
• IgG antibodies are used (or detected)
by indirect transfusions from lambs to humans. Within 10 years,
antiglobulin tests transfusing the blood of animals to humans becomes
▪ The indirect antiglobulin test (IAT) utilizes
prohibited by law because of reactions.
antihuman globulin (AHG) reagent,
otherwise known as Coombs serum
1795 In Philadelphia, American physician Philip Syng
ABO Typing
Expected Reactions Physick, performs the first human blood transfusion,
although he does not publish this information.
RBCs + Plasma +
1818 James Blundell, a British obstetrician, performs
Type Anti-A Anti-B A1 RBCs B RBCs
the first successful transfusion of human blood to a
O 0 0 + + patient for the treatment of postpartum hemorrhage.
Using the patient's husband as a donor, he extracts
A + 0 0 + approximately four ounces of blood from the
husband's arm and, using a syringe, successfully
B 0 + + 0 transfuses the wife. Between 1825 and 1830, he
performs 10 transfusions, five of which prove
AB + + 0 0 beneficial to his patients, and publishes these results.
He also devises various instruments for performing
transfusions and proposed rational indications.
ABO and Rh Typing – Key Points
▪ Can be done by tube, gel and solid-phase
assays 1840 At St. George's School in London, Samuel
▪ Two types of tests for RhD: a direct test, and
an IAT to detect weak expression of D Armstrong Lane, aided by consultant Dr. Blundell,
• Apparent D-negative donors (by performs the first successful whole blood transfusion
direct tests) must be tested for weak
D to treat hemophilia.
• Apparent D-negative patients need
not be tested for weak of D
