Summary ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

STUDY GUIDE AND SOLUTIONS MANUAL TO ACCOMPANY ORGANIC CHEMISTRY ELEVENTH EDITION T. W. GRAHAM SOLOMONS University of South Florida CRAIG B. FRYHLE Pacific Lutheran University SCOTT A. SNYDER Columbia University ROBERT G. JOHNSON Xavier University JON ANTILLA University of South Florida Project Editor Jennifer Yee Senior Production Editor Elizabeth Swain Cover Image © Gerhard Schulz/Age Fotostock America, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 Times Roman by Aptara Delhi and printed and bound by Bind-Rite. The cover was printed by Bind-Rite. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, website at . Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ , (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, website Evaluation copies are provided to qualified academics and professionals for review puposes only, for use in their courses during the next academic year. These copies are licensed and may not be sold or transferred to a third party. Upon completion of the review period, please return the evaluation copy to Wiley. Return instructions and a free of charge return shipping label are available at contact your local representative. ISBN 978-1-118-14790-0 Binder-Ready version ISBN 978-1-118-63649-7 Printed in the United States of America 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are grateful to those people who have made many helpful suggestions for various editions of this study guide. These individuals include: George R. Jurch, George R. Wenzinger, and J. E.Fernandez atthe University ofSouth Florida; Darell Berlin, OklahomaState University; John Mangravite, West ChesterState College; J. G. Traynham, LouisianaState University; Desmond M. S. Wheeler, University of Nebraska; Chris Callam, The Ohio State University; Sean Hickey, University of New Orleans; and Neal Tonks, College of Charleston. We are especially grateful to R.G. (Bob) Johnson for his friendship, dedication, and many contributions to this Study Guide and the main text over many years. T. W. Graham Solomons Craig B. Fryhle Scott A.Snyder Jon Antilla v CONTENTS To the Student xi INTRODUCTION “Solving the Puzzle” or “Structure Is Everything (Almost)” xiii CHAPTER 1