PATHO FINAL REVIEW EXAM
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
2025 GRADED A+
Physiological reactions that occur during "Fight or Flight" ( correct answers )
Tachycardia, Dialated Pupils, Hypertension
State of equilibrium/balance within the body ( correct answers )
Homeostasis
Function of the Ribosomes ( correct answers ) Protein synthesis
Hormone that increases blood sugar levels is ___________. Hormone that
decreases blood sugar levels is __________. ( correct answers ) Glucagon;
Insulin
What chemical helps with endocrine system function? ( correct answers )
Hormones
Type of cell division that only occurs within sperm/ovum? ( correct
answers ) Meiosis
A decrease of ___________ ____________ can lead to edema due to inability to
keep fluid within the vessel membranes. ( correct answers ) Plasma
proteins
GRADED A+
,Electrolytes that are intracellular? ( correct answers ) Potassium,
Magnesium
Normal Range for Potassium ( correct answers ) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Range for Sodium ( correct answers ) 135-145 mEq/L
Normal Range for Calcium ( correct answers ) 4.0-5.0 mEq/L (9-11 mg/dL)
Normal Range for pH ( correct answers ) 7.35-7.45
Normal Range for Bicarbonate (HCO3) ( correct answers ) 22-26 mEq/L
Normal Range for Carbon dioxide (CO2) ( correct answers ) 35-45 mm Hg
Why is hyponatremia dangerous? ( correct answers ) Causes brain
swelling; can be fatal
Manifestations of Hypovolemia ( correct answers ) Thirst, Altered
consciousness, Tachycardia, Weak pulse, Dry mucous membranes,
decreased circulating blood volume
Manifestations of Hypervolemia ( correct answers ) Bounding pulses,
crackles in the lungs, Pitting edema
What organ(s) store calcium? ( correct answers ) Bones
If patient has edema, is this a sign or symptom? ( correct answers ) Sign
GRADED A+
,What is an example of insensible water loss? ( correct answers ) Sweating
& Breathing
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from extracellular to intracellular
space? ( correct answers ) Hypotonic
Movement of fluids between interstitial and intracellular compartments?
( correct answers ) Osmosis
Movement of electrolytes between interstitial and intracellular
compartments? ( correct answers ) Diffusion
Hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality can be due to deficiency of
what? ( correct answers ) Fluids (Water)
What is the role of the lungs when maintaining the acid-base balance?
( correct answers ) Expelling carbon dioxide
What action can cause metabolic acidosis? ( correct answers ) Diarrhea
What action can cause metabolic alkalosis? ( correct answers ) Vomiting
What is normal saline and what type of solution is it? ( correct answers )
0.9% sodium chloride ; isotonic solution
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from intracellular to extracellular
space? ( correct answers ) Hypertonic
What is sepsis? ( correct answers ) Severe/toxic inflammation caused by
infection.
GRADED A+
, Best way to prevent transmission of infectious agents? ( correct answers )
Washing hands
What type of chemicals are released during inflammation/swelling of a
specific body area? ( correct answers ) Histamine
Why are areas of inflammation red and warm? ( correct answers )
Increased blood flow to the areas
Regarding seasonal allergies, what is the role of histamine? ( correct
answers ) Causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow
Regarding the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), during the alarm stage,
there is a release of what stress hormones? ( correct answers ) Epinephrine
& Norepinephrine (Catecholamines) ; Cortisol
During anaphylaxis, what physical changes are going on? ( correct
answers ) Bronchial constriction, Vasodilation
T/F Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease ( correct answers ) True
Example of Passive Immunity ( correct answers ) Mom to baby through
breastfeeding
Which type of White blood cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
and production of immunoglobulins? ( correct answers ) Lymphocytes (B-
cells)
What is leukocytosis? ( correct answers ) Increased White blood cell count
Example of artificial active immunity? ( correct answers ) Vaccines
GRADED A+
WITH CORRECT ANSWERS
2025 GRADED A+
Physiological reactions that occur during "Fight or Flight" ( correct answers )
Tachycardia, Dialated Pupils, Hypertension
State of equilibrium/balance within the body ( correct answers )
Homeostasis
Function of the Ribosomes ( correct answers ) Protein synthesis
Hormone that increases blood sugar levels is ___________. Hormone that
decreases blood sugar levels is __________. ( correct answers ) Glucagon;
Insulin
What chemical helps with endocrine system function? ( correct answers )
Hormones
Type of cell division that only occurs within sperm/ovum? ( correct
answers ) Meiosis
A decrease of ___________ ____________ can lead to edema due to inability to
keep fluid within the vessel membranes. ( correct answers ) Plasma
proteins
GRADED A+
,Electrolytes that are intracellular? ( correct answers ) Potassium,
Magnesium
Normal Range for Potassium ( correct answers ) 3.5-5.0 mEq/L
Normal Range for Sodium ( correct answers ) 135-145 mEq/L
Normal Range for Calcium ( correct answers ) 4.0-5.0 mEq/L (9-11 mg/dL)
Normal Range for pH ( correct answers ) 7.35-7.45
Normal Range for Bicarbonate (HCO3) ( correct answers ) 22-26 mEq/L
Normal Range for Carbon dioxide (CO2) ( correct answers ) 35-45 mm Hg
Why is hyponatremia dangerous? ( correct answers ) Causes brain
swelling; can be fatal
Manifestations of Hypovolemia ( correct answers ) Thirst, Altered
consciousness, Tachycardia, Weak pulse, Dry mucous membranes,
decreased circulating blood volume
Manifestations of Hypervolemia ( correct answers ) Bounding pulses,
crackles in the lungs, Pitting edema
What organ(s) store calcium? ( correct answers ) Bones
If patient has edema, is this a sign or symptom? ( correct answers ) Sign
GRADED A+
,What is an example of insensible water loss? ( correct answers ) Sweating
& Breathing
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from extracellular to intracellular
space? ( correct answers ) Hypotonic
Movement of fluids between interstitial and intracellular compartments?
( correct answers ) Osmosis
Movement of electrolytes between interstitial and intracellular
compartments? ( correct answers ) Diffusion
Hypernatremia and increased serum osmolality can be due to deficiency of
what? ( correct answers ) Fluids (Water)
What is the role of the lungs when maintaining the acid-base balance?
( correct answers ) Expelling carbon dioxide
What action can cause metabolic acidosis? ( correct answers ) Diarrhea
What action can cause metabolic alkalosis? ( correct answers ) Vomiting
What is normal saline and what type of solution is it? ( correct answers )
0.9% sodium chloride ; isotonic solution
Which type of solution will cause fluid shift from intracellular to extracellular
space? ( correct answers ) Hypertonic
What is sepsis? ( correct answers ) Severe/toxic inflammation caused by
infection.
GRADED A+
, Best way to prevent transmission of infectious agents? ( correct answers )
Washing hands
What type of chemicals are released during inflammation/swelling of a
specific body area? ( correct answers ) Histamine
Why are areas of inflammation red and warm? ( correct answers )
Increased blood flow to the areas
Regarding seasonal allergies, what is the role of histamine? ( correct
answers ) Causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow
Regarding the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS), during the alarm stage,
there is a release of what stress hormones? ( correct answers ) Epinephrine
& Norepinephrine (Catecholamines) ; Cortisol
During anaphylaxis, what physical changes are going on? ( correct
answers ) Bronchial constriction, Vasodilation
T/F Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease ( correct answers ) True
Example of Passive Immunity ( correct answers ) Mom to baby through
breastfeeding
Which type of White blood cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity
and production of immunoglobulins? ( correct answers ) Lymphocytes (B-
cells)
What is leukocytosis? ( correct answers ) Increased White blood cell count
Example of artificial active immunity? ( correct answers ) Vaccines
GRADED A+
