BIO 54 – Human Health and Disease | San José State University | Final Exam Review 2025 –
Comprehensive Lecture Summary and Study Guide
Immune Response (picture on slide) -phase 1: antigens invade body by breaking through
protective barriers & take over body cells to replicate
-phase 2: helper T-cells recognize the invading antigens & trigger the production of killer T cells
and B cells
-phase 3: killer T cells destroy infected cells & B cells produce antibodies that attach to antigens
and mark them for destruction by macrophages
-phase 4: suppressor T cells stop activity of B cells, killer T cells & macrophages
Vaccines -small amounts of dead/weakened pathogens
4 Major types of Pathogens -bacteria
-viruses
-parasitic worm
-protozoa
Bacterial infections -staphylococcal infections: present on skin or in nostrils
-streptococcal infections: "strep throat" or "flesh eating strep"
-meningitis: infection of membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Viruses -smallest of pathogens
-protein structure that contains RNA or DNA that requires a host cell
-common colds, influenza, hepatitis (all strains), mumps, chicken pox, measles, rabies
Non-infectious disease -a disease that is not caused by a pathogen
-developed over a period of time (chronic)
, Bronchitis -inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
Emphysema -the gradual destruction of the alveoli of the lungs
Asthma -long-term chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks air flow in and out of the lungs
Allergy -a specific reaction of the immune system to a foreign and frequently harmless
substance
Steps in an allergic reaction -antigen enters the body
-B cells bind to antigen and produce antibodies against the pathogen
-antibodies are released and bind to mast cells
-mast cells release histamine when the antigen bind to the antibodies
Musculoskeletal Disease -osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease
-rheumatoid arthritis:chronic inflammation
-fibromyalgia: muscle pain and extreme fatigue
Cardiovascular System -heart: muscular, 4-chambered pump
-2 upper chambers: atria
-2 lower chambers: ventricles
Heart Function -right atrium(pulmonary side): deoxygenated blood enters
-blood moves into right ventricle
-right ventricle: pumps blood through pulmonary artery to the lungs
Comprehensive Lecture Summary and Study Guide
Immune Response (picture on slide) -phase 1: antigens invade body by breaking through
protective barriers & take over body cells to replicate
-phase 2: helper T-cells recognize the invading antigens & trigger the production of killer T cells
and B cells
-phase 3: killer T cells destroy infected cells & B cells produce antibodies that attach to antigens
and mark them for destruction by macrophages
-phase 4: suppressor T cells stop activity of B cells, killer T cells & macrophages
Vaccines -small amounts of dead/weakened pathogens
4 Major types of Pathogens -bacteria
-viruses
-parasitic worm
-protozoa
Bacterial infections -staphylococcal infections: present on skin or in nostrils
-streptococcal infections: "strep throat" or "flesh eating strep"
-meningitis: infection of membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord
Viruses -smallest of pathogens
-protein structure that contains RNA or DNA that requires a host cell
-common colds, influenza, hepatitis (all strains), mumps, chicken pox, measles, rabies
Non-infectious disease -a disease that is not caused by a pathogen
-developed over a period of time (chronic)
, Bronchitis -inflammation of the lining of the bronchial tubes
Emphysema -the gradual destruction of the alveoli of the lungs
Asthma -long-term chronic inflammatory disorder that blocks air flow in and out of the lungs
Allergy -a specific reaction of the immune system to a foreign and frequently harmless
substance
Steps in an allergic reaction -antigen enters the body
-B cells bind to antigen and produce antibodies against the pathogen
-antibodies are released and bind to mast cells
-mast cells release histamine when the antigen bind to the antibodies
Musculoskeletal Disease -osteoarthritis: degenerative joint disease
-rheumatoid arthritis:chronic inflammation
-fibromyalgia: muscle pain and extreme fatigue
Cardiovascular System -heart: muscular, 4-chambered pump
-2 upper chambers: atria
-2 lower chambers: ventricles
Heart Function -right atrium(pulmonary side): deoxygenated blood enters
-blood moves into right ventricle
-right ventricle: pumps blood through pulmonary artery to the lungs
