HUMAN CELLS SECOND EXAM
REVIEW 2025 QUESTIONS
23 - Number of chromosomes in cells produced by meiosis ( in humans)
Karyotype - A picture of human chromosomes used to diagnosis genetic disorders.
Autosome - Normal Chromosome
Sex Chromosomes - Pair 23 of human chromosomes
Jumping Gene - Moves within a chromosome causing genes to be turned on and off.
Non-Disjunction - When chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
Stem Cells - Cells that have yet to specialize
Clone - A genetic copy of another organism
Genetic Engineering - Modifying organisms at the DNA level by cutting out unwanted
genes and inserting wanted genes.
Incomplete dominant - One allele cannot fully mask the expression of another, therefore
a mixed phenotype is displayed. (i.e. gray)
Co-Dominant - Both alleles are equally dominant resulting is the expression of each
allele individually. (i.e. salt and pepper)
46 - Number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.
Crossing over - When homologous chromosome pairs switch segments leading to
greater diversity.
Negative Charge - Charge of DNA
Positive Charge - Charge at the opposite end of where the DNA is loaded in a gel.
Size - Reason why DNA creates a "banding" pattern.
Variation - Differences within a species
Mutation - A change in DNA
Genotype - Genetic Makeup
, Phenotype - Physical Makeup
4 organic compound classes - 1. carbohydrate
2. lipid
3. protein
4. nucleic acid
4 of the 6 elements of life - 1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Nitrogen
4. Oxygen
Spermatogenesis - type of meiosis used in males-- cells are produced on demand from
puberty on and 4 cells are produced per round of meiosis
Oogenesis - type of meiosis used in females-- cells are all partially developed and birth
and are gone at the end of menopause. Only 1 cell is produced per round of meiosis
Sex-linked trait - Found on the 23rd pair of chromosomes, must use XY and XX
Autosomal trait - Found on pairs 1-22 of the chromosomes- upper and lower case
letters are used
Gametes - Sex cells produced by meiosis
Somatic cells - Normal cells produced by mitosis
Sex-linked - Traits for on the X and Y (or 23rd pair of chromosomes).
Law of probablity - chances of event 1 x event 2 x event 3 etc...
Flow of information in a cell - DNA --> mRNA --> tRNA--> amino acid--> Protein--> trait
Replication - process of copying DNA prior to cell division
Transcription - DNA to mRNA
Translation - Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Differences between DNA and RNA - DNA has deoyribose, thymine, and is double-
stranded. RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded
Codon - three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino
acid
REVIEW 2025 QUESTIONS
23 - Number of chromosomes in cells produced by meiosis ( in humans)
Karyotype - A picture of human chromosomes used to diagnosis genetic disorders.
Autosome - Normal Chromosome
Sex Chromosomes - Pair 23 of human chromosomes
Jumping Gene - Moves within a chromosome causing genes to be turned on and off.
Non-Disjunction - When chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis
Stem Cells - Cells that have yet to specialize
Clone - A genetic copy of another organism
Genetic Engineering - Modifying organisms at the DNA level by cutting out unwanted
genes and inserting wanted genes.
Incomplete dominant - One allele cannot fully mask the expression of another, therefore
a mixed phenotype is displayed. (i.e. gray)
Co-Dominant - Both alleles are equally dominant resulting is the expression of each
allele individually. (i.e. salt and pepper)
46 - Number of chromosomes in a somatic cell.
Crossing over - When homologous chromosome pairs switch segments leading to
greater diversity.
Negative Charge - Charge of DNA
Positive Charge - Charge at the opposite end of where the DNA is loaded in a gel.
Size - Reason why DNA creates a "banding" pattern.
Variation - Differences within a species
Mutation - A change in DNA
Genotype - Genetic Makeup
, Phenotype - Physical Makeup
4 organic compound classes - 1. carbohydrate
2. lipid
3. protein
4. nucleic acid
4 of the 6 elements of life - 1. Carbon
2. Hydrogen
3. Nitrogen
4. Oxygen
Spermatogenesis - type of meiosis used in males-- cells are produced on demand from
puberty on and 4 cells are produced per round of meiosis
Oogenesis - type of meiosis used in females-- cells are all partially developed and birth
and are gone at the end of menopause. Only 1 cell is produced per round of meiosis
Sex-linked trait - Found on the 23rd pair of chromosomes, must use XY and XX
Autosomal trait - Found on pairs 1-22 of the chromosomes- upper and lower case
letters are used
Gametes - Sex cells produced by meiosis
Somatic cells - Normal cells produced by mitosis
Sex-linked - Traits for on the X and Y (or 23rd pair of chromosomes).
Law of probablity - chances of event 1 x event 2 x event 3 etc...
Flow of information in a cell - DNA --> mRNA --> tRNA--> amino acid--> Protein--> trait
Replication - process of copying DNA prior to cell division
Transcription - DNA to mRNA
Translation - Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced
Differences between DNA and RNA - DNA has deoyribose, thymine, and is double-
stranded. RNA has ribose, uracil, and is single-stranded
Codon - three-nucleotide sequence on messenger RNA that codes for a single amino
acid
