CHAPTER 7 THE HUMAN BODY 2025
JUNE EXAM
abdomen - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The body cavity that contains the major organs of
digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
Acetabulum - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three
component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
Acid - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen
ions in a solution
Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A pathologic condition that results from the
accumulation of acids in the body.
acromioclavicular (AC) separation - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>one or more torn ligaments in
the acromioclavicular joint, resulting in a separated shoulder
acromion process - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The tip of the shoulder and the site of
attachment for both the clavicle and various shoulder muscles.
active transport - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a method used to move compounds across a cell
membrane to create or maintain an imbalance of charges
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The nucleotide involved in
energy metabolism; used to store energy.
adrenal cortex - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The outer layer of the adrenal gland; it produces
hormones that are important in regulating the water and salt balance of the body.
adrenal glands - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>endocrine glands located on top of each kidney
that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide
a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during
adolescence
adrenaline - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>hormone produced by the adrenal grands that
mediates the "fight-or-flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system; also called
epinephrine
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Hormone that targets the
adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol (a glucocorticoid).
Aerobic - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>referring to a process that can occur only in the
presence of oxygen
, afterload - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of
blood from the ventricles can occur
agonist - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a substance that mimics the actions of a specific
neurotransmitter or hormone by binding to the specific receptor of the naturally occurring
substance
agranulocytes - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Leukocytes that lack granules.
alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body
fluids.
alpha cells - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Cells located in the islets of Langerhans that secrete
glucagon.
alpha effects - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Stimulation of alpha receptors that results in
vasoconstriction.
alveolar ducts - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Ducts formed from division of the respiratory
bronchioles in the lower airway; each duct ends in clusters known as alveoli.
alveoli - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
alveolocapillary membrane - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>the very thin membrane, consisting
of only one cell layer, that lies between the alveolus and capillary, through which
respiratory exchange between the alveolus and the blood vessel occurs
anaerobic - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>referring to a process that can occur in the absence of
oxygen; the principal product is lactic acid
anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>the study of the structure of an organism and its parts
antagonist - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a molecule that blocks the ability of a given chemical
to bind to its receptor, preventing a biological response
antibodies - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>proteins within plasma that react with antigens
aorta - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and
carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.
aortic arch - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>One of the three described portions of the aorta; the
section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions that gives rise to the
right brachiocephalic (innominate), left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.
JUNE EXAM
abdomen - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The body cavity that contains the major organs of
digestion and excretion. It is located below the diaphragm and above the pelvis.
Acetabulum - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The depression on the lateral pelvis where its three
component bones join, in which the femoral head fits snugly.
Acid - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a substance that increases the concentration of hydrogen
ions in a solution
Acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>A pathologic condition that results from the
accumulation of acids in the body.
acromioclavicular (AC) separation - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>one or more torn ligaments in
the acromioclavicular joint, resulting in a separated shoulder
acromion process - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The tip of the shoulder and the site of
attachment for both the clavicle and various shoulder muscles.
active transport - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a method used to move compounds across a cell
membrane to create or maintain an imbalance of charges
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The nucleotide involved in
energy metabolism; used to store energy.
adrenal cortex - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The outer layer of the adrenal gland; it produces
hormones that are important in regulating the water and salt balance of the body.
adrenal glands - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>endocrine glands located on top of each kidney
that secrete over 30 different hormones to deal with stress, regulate salt intake, and provide
a secondary source of sex hormones affecting the sexual changes that occur during
adolescence
adrenaline - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>hormone produced by the adrenal grands that
mediates the "fight-or-flight" response of the sympathetic nervous system; also called
epinephrine
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Hormone that targets the
adrenal cortex to secrete cortisol (a glucocorticoid).
Aerobic - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>referring to a process that can occur only in the
presence of oxygen
, afterload - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>the pressure that must be exceeded before ejection of
blood from the ventricles can occur
agonist - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a substance that mimics the actions of a specific
neurotransmitter or hormone by binding to the specific receptor of the naturally occurring
substance
agranulocytes - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Leukocytes that lack granules.
alkalosis - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The buildup of excess base (lack of acids) in the body
fluids.
alpha cells - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Cells located in the islets of Langerhans that secrete
glucagon.
alpha effects - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Stimulation of alpha receptors that results in
vasoconstriction.
alveolar ducts - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>Ducts formed from division of the respiratory
bronchioles in the lower airway; each duct ends in clusters known as alveoli.
alveoli - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The air sacs of the lungs in which the exchange of
oxygen and carbon dioxide takes place.
alveolocapillary membrane - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>the very thin membrane, consisting
of only one cell layer, that lies between the alveolus and capillary, through which
respiratory exchange between the alveolus and the blood vessel occurs
anaerobic - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>referring to a process that can occur in the absence of
oxygen; the principal product is lactic acid
anatomy - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>the study of the structure of an organism and its parts
antagonist - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>a molecule that blocks the ability of a given chemical
to bind to its receptor, preventing a biological response
antibodies - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>proteins within plasma that react with antigens
aorta - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>The principal artery leaving the left side of the heart and
carrying freshly oxygenated blood to the body.
aortic arch - CORRECT ANSWER>>>>One of the three described portions of the aorta; the
section of the aorta between the ascending and descending portions that gives rise to the
right brachiocephalic (innominate), left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.
