Biology Midterm 3 – Organismal Biology Review with Practice
Questions and Correct answers for Plant Structure, Animal Systems,
and Evolutionary Adaptations
Prokaryote - correct answer A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles (DNA in circular chromosomes and plasmids)
Eukaryote - correct answer Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Plastid - correct answer A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in
photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.
Plasmid - correct answer small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria
Anaerobe - correct answer Organisms that do not require oxygen to grow/live
Aerobe - correct answer Organisms that requires oxygen for growth/life
autotroph - correct answer makes its own food
Chemotrophs - correct answer obtain energy from chemical reactions
Heterotroph - correct answer consume food made by other organisms (or other organisms
partially/entirely)
Phototrophs - correct answer obtain energy from light
binary fission - correct answer A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by
which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Stromatolite - correct answer Layered rock that results from the activities of prokaryotes that
bind thin films of sediment together.
Cyanobacteria - correct answer Photoautotrophic prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-
generating photosynthesis.
Endosymbiosis - correct answer a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives
within another
Microbiome - correct answer the microorganisms in a particular environment
Horizontal transmission - correct answer acquired from the environment
vertical transmission - correct answer passed from parent to offspring
, Heterocyst - correct answer a specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some
cyanobacteria (purpose: spatial separation (anaerobic) of nitrogen fixation from photosynthesis
(aerobic))
metabolite cross-feeding - correct answer interaction between bacterial strains in which
molecules resulting from the metabolism of one strain are further metabolized by another
strain
Quorum sensing - correct answer The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria
via secreted chemical signals.
Autoinducer - correct answer A secreted molecule that induces quorum-sensing behavior in
bacteria.
Absorptive nutrition - correct answer Fungi secrete enzymes to digest food externally
Hyphae - correct answer each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a
fungus.
Mycelium - correct answer network of hyphae
Indeterminate growth - correct answer Organisms do not reach a final size, they continue to
grow as long as they are in the right conditions
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi - correct answer Hyphae penetrates the cell wall of the root to
form structures called arbuscules. Assists plant with nutrients, gets carbon in return.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi - correct answer Hyphae form nets along plant roots, moves into spaces
between plant cells but does not penetrate cell wall
Spores - correct answer single cells produced by meiosis capable of growing into an adult
organism
Meiosis - correct answer Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing
organisms
Fertilization - correct answer Fusion of an egg and sperm cell
Sporogenesis - correct answer production of spores by meiosis
Gametogenesis - correct answer production of gametes
Fruiting body - correct answer The reproductive structure of a fungus that contains many
hyphae and produces spores
Gills - correct answer Produce and disperse spores
Mycosis - correct answer fungal infection
Questions and Correct answers for Plant Structure, Animal Systems,
and Evolutionary Adaptations
Prokaryote - correct answer A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound
organelles (DNA in circular chromosomes and plasmids)
Eukaryote - correct answer Cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
Plastid - correct answer A group of membrane‐bound organelles commonly found in
photosynthetic organisms and mainly responsible for the synthesis and storage of food.
Plasmid - correct answer small, circular piece of DNA located in the cytoplasm of many bacteria
Anaerobe - correct answer Organisms that do not require oxygen to grow/live
Aerobe - correct answer Organisms that requires oxygen for growth/life
autotroph - correct answer makes its own food
Chemotrophs - correct answer obtain energy from chemical reactions
Heterotroph - correct answer consume food made by other organisms (or other organisms
partially/entirely)
Phototrophs - correct answer obtain energy from light
binary fission - correct answer A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by
which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
Stromatolite - correct answer Layered rock that results from the activities of prokaryotes that
bind thin films of sediment together.
Cyanobacteria - correct answer Photoautotrophic prokaryotes with plantlike, oxygen-
generating photosynthesis.
Endosymbiosis - correct answer a mutually beneficial relationship in which one organism lives
within another
Microbiome - correct answer the microorganisms in a particular environment
Horizontal transmission - correct answer acquired from the environment
vertical transmission - correct answer passed from parent to offspring
, Heterocyst - correct answer a specialized cell that engages in nitrogen fixation in some
cyanobacteria (purpose: spatial separation (anaerobic) of nitrogen fixation from photosynthesis
(aerobic))
metabolite cross-feeding - correct answer interaction between bacterial strains in which
molecules resulting from the metabolism of one strain are further metabolized by another
strain
Quorum sensing - correct answer The ability of bacteria to sense the presence of other bacteria
via secreted chemical signals.
Autoinducer - correct answer A secreted molecule that induces quorum-sensing behavior in
bacteria.
Absorptive nutrition - correct answer Fungi secrete enzymes to digest food externally
Hyphae - correct answer each of the branching filaments that make up the mycelium of a
fungus.
Mycelium - correct answer network of hyphae
Indeterminate growth - correct answer Organisms do not reach a final size, they continue to
grow as long as they are in the right conditions
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi - correct answer Hyphae penetrates the cell wall of the root to
form structures called arbuscules. Assists plant with nutrients, gets carbon in return.
Ectomycorrhizal fungi - correct answer Hyphae form nets along plant roots, moves into spaces
between plant cells but does not penetrate cell wall
Spores - correct answer single cells produced by meiosis capable of growing into an adult
organism
Meiosis - correct answer Cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing
organisms
Fertilization - correct answer Fusion of an egg and sperm cell
Sporogenesis - correct answer production of spores by meiosis
Gametogenesis - correct answer production of gametes
Fruiting body - correct answer The reproductive structure of a fungus that contains many
hyphae and produces spores
Gills - correct answer Produce and disperse spores
Mycosis - correct answer fungal infection
