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BIOS
BIOS251 LAB PRACTICUM: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
GUIDE| QS & AS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) (NEW 2025/ 2026 UPDATE)
1. Structure of Skin: Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous layer
(Hypodermis)
2. Accessory Structures: Sweat glands, Oil (Sebaceous Glands),
Hair, Nails
3. Functions of the Skin: Protection, Synthesis of Vitamin D,
Thermoregulation,
Non-verbal communication
4. Protection of the Skin: Protects against dehydration and
infection (includes acid mantle, keratin, anti-microbial peptides)
5. Synthesis of Vitamin D: Contributes to bones
6. Sensation: Skin is the largest sense organ: tactile, thermal, pain
7. Thermoregulation: Regulating body temp in cold and hot
environments, sweat and evaporation
BIOS251 Lab 1 / 49
,8. Non-verbal Communication: Expressive faces, general
appearance of skin/hair
9. Gross Anatomy: Study of structures that can be seen with the
naked eye 10. Microscopic Anatomy: deals with structures too
small to be seen with the naked eye
11. Cell types of the Epidermis: Keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
Keratinocytes-Keratin
Melanocytes- Produce Melanin
Langerhans Cells- Immune
Merkel Cells- Touch/Tactile
12. Thick Skin: Found on the palms of the hands and soles of the
feet. Contains the stratum lucidum. AKA: Hairless skin
13. Thin Skin: Found everywhere else of the body. Does not contain
a stratum lucidum. AKA: Hairy skin
14. Dermis: Cutaneous membrane
Collagen, Elastic, and Reticular Fibres
,Blood Vessels, Nerve Endings, Cutaneous Glands, Hair follicles, Hair
roots Dermal Papilla
Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer
Blisters
15. Cutaneous Membrane: Dermis and Epidermis
16. Dermal Papilla: Projections from dermis, grooves called
epidermal ridges. Forms fingerprints.
17. Papillary Layer: Most superficial layer of dermis. Made of
areolar tissue. Rich in blood supply
18. Reticular Layer: deeper and thicker layer of dermis
Consists of dense, irregular connective tissue, collagen and elastic
fibers. Hair follicles, hair roots, nerve endings, cutaneous glands.
Meissner corpuscles. Pacinian corpuscles. Ruffini corpuscles.
Produces stretch marks (striae) due to collagen fibers tearing.
Blisters.
19. Meissner Corpuscles: Responds to touch
, 20. Pacinian Corpuscles: Responds to deep pressure and vibration
21. Ruffini Corpuscles: Responds to light pressure
22. Blisters: Form as a result of fluid seeping out of blood vessels,
accumulating between dermis and epidermis
23. Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis): Consists of loose
connective tissue (adipose, areolar). Well-vascularized
Connects skin to fascia beneath it
Provides insulation, stores fat
24. Keratinocytes: 90% of epidermal cells.
Produce Keratin-toughens and protects skin
Produces granules for water-proofing, prevents entry of pathogens.
25. Melanocytes: Produce melanin pigment
Stratum basale
Long slender projections connect with keratinocytes, melanin
shuttled there Form protective shield over nucleus to protect DNA
from UV damage once inside keratinocyte
BIOS
BIOS251 LAB PRACTICUM: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY I
GUIDE| QS & AS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) (NEW 2025/ 2026 UPDATE)
1. Structure of Skin: Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous layer
(Hypodermis)
2. Accessory Structures: Sweat glands, Oil (Sebaceous Glands),
Hair, Nails
3. Functions of the Skin: Protection, Synthesis of Vitamin D,
Thermoregulation,
Non-verbal communication
4. Protection of the Skin: Protects against dehydration and
infection (includes acid mantle, keratin, anti-microbial peptides)
5. Synthesis of Vitamin D: Contributes to bones
6. Sensation: Skin is the largest sense organ: tactile, thermal, pain
7. Thermoregulation: Regulating body temp in cold and hot
environments, sweat and evaporation
BIOS251 Lab 1 / 49
,8. Non-verbal Communication: Expressive faces, general
appearance of skin/hair
9. Gross Anatomy: Study of structures that can be seen with the
naked eye 10. Microscopic Anatomy: deals with structures too
small to be seen with the naked eye
11. Cell types of the Epidermis: Keratinized stratified squamous
epithelium
Keratinocytes-Keratin
Melanocytes- Produce Melanin
Langerhans Cells- Immune
Merkel Cells- Touch/Tactile
12. Thick Skin: Found on the palms of the hands and soles of the
feet. Contains the stratum lucidum. AKA: Hairless skin
13. Thin Skin: Found everywhere else of the body. Does not contain
a stratum lucidum. AKA: Hairy skin
14. Dermis: Cutaneous membrane
Collagen, Elastic, and Reticular Fibres
,Blood Vessels, Nerve Endings, Cutaneous Glands, Hair follicles, Hair
roots Dermal Papilla
Papillary Layer
Reticular Layer
Blisters
15. Cutaneous Membrane: Dermis and Epidermis
16. Dermal Papilla: Projections from dermis, grooves called
epidermal ridges. Forms fingerprints.
17. Papillary Layer: Most superficial layer of dermis. Made of
areolar tissue. Rich in blood supply
18. Reticular Layer: deeper and thicker layer of dermis
Consists of dense, irregular connective tissue, collagen and elastic
fibers. Hair follicles, hair roots, nerve endings, cutaneous glands.
Meissner corpuscles. Pacinian corpuscles. Ruffini corpuscles.
Produces stretch marks (striae) due to collagen fibers tearing.
Blisters.
19. Meissner Corpuscles: Responds to touch
, 20. Pacinian Corpuscles: Responds to deep pressure and vibration
21. Ruffini Corpuscles: Responds to light pressure
22. Blisters: Form as a result of fluid seeping out of blood vessels,
accumulating between dermis and epidermis
23. Subcutaneous Layer (Hypodermis): Consists of loose
connective tissue (adipose, areolar). Well-vascularized
Connects skin to fascia beneath it
Provides insulation, stores fat
24. Keratinocytes: 90% of epidermal cells.
Produce Keratin-toughens and protects skin
Produces granules for water-proofing, prevents entry of pathogens.
25. Melanocytes: Produce melanin pigment
Stratum basale
Long slender projections connect with keratinocytes, melanin
shuttled there Form protective shield over nucleus to protect DNA
from UV damage once inside keratinocyte
