Cell And Molecular Biology Gerald Karp 7th Edition Exam Questions With 100% Verified Solutions

Cell And Molecular Biology Gerald Karp 7th Edition Exam Questions With 100% Verified Solutions Prokaryote cell wall - ANSWER- Peptidoglycan - combination of protein and sugars All prokaryotic cells have a cell wall Cytoplasmic Structures - ANSWER- Eukaryotes display greater contractility and more controlled movement due to a more advanced cytoskeleton - allows them to change their shape. Ribosomes of prokaryotes are smaller than those of eukaryotes (essentially same function) Both eukaryotes & prokaryotes may be surrounded - ANSWER- by rigid, nonliving cell wall that protects, but the chemical compositions of their walls are very different Locomotion - ANSWER- Eukaryotes have more complex locomotion. prokaryotes have rotating flagella; eukaryotes have more complex flagella with different mechanism and also may have cilia & pseudopodia. Binary Fission - ANSWER- Prokaryotes. Proliferate faster (double in 20-40 mins; exchange genetic information via conjugation) Eukaryotes - ANSWER- Chromosomes are compacted & separated by mitotic spindle which allows each daughter cell to get equal genetic material Prokaryotes - ANSWER- No chromosome compaction & no spindle; DNA copies separated by growth of intervening cell membrane Eukaryotic Organelles - ANSWER- Organelles divid the cytoplasm into compartments within which specialized activities take place Mitochondria - ANSWER- (plants and animals) Make chemical energy available to fuel cell activities Endoplasmic reticulum - ANSWER- (plants & animals) where many cell lipids & proteins are made Golgi Complexes - ANSWER- (plants & animals) sorts, modifies, transports stuff to specific locations Chloroplasts - ANSWER- (plants) sites of photosynthesis Single large vacuole - ANSWER- (plants) occupies most of cell volume Apotosis - ANSWER- Cell suicide. Mitochondria self destruct mechanism Necrosis - ANSWER- When cell is unable to switch into the apoptosis stage Prokaryotes have remained on Earth for - ANSWER- several billion years Some prokaryotes can make - ANSWER- almost everything they need from only simple carbon, nitrogen source(s) & some inorganic ions; some live on only inorganic substances Methanogens - ANSWER- capable of converting CO2 & H2 gases into methane (CH4) gas Halophiles - ANSWER- Live in extremely salty environments (Dead Sea & Great Salt Lake) Acidophiles - ANSWER- acid-loving prokaryotes that live at pHs as low as 0 Thermophiles - ANSWER- live at very high temperatures Hyperthermophiles - ANSWER- pyrolobus fumaril - Live in hydrothermal vents of ocean floor; reproduce at temperatures above 109 degrees & won't grow below 90 degrees Bacteria (eubacteria) - ANSWER- Bacteria are present in every conceivable habitat on earth. Permanent antarctic ice shelf to driest African deserts to internal confines of plants & animals, rock layers several km deep Unicellularity - ANSWER- Unicellular protist - all life-sustaining processes occur in one cell. Multicellularity - ANSWER- Multicellular Plants, animals, fungus cells exhibit differentiation - different activities occur in different types of specialized cells Differentiation - ANSWER- process by which a generic cell becomes highly specialized. For example a single fertilized egg cell ( gamete) develops into the hundreds of specialized cell types of the mature organism. Micrometer - ANSWER- um 10-6 Angstrom - ANSWER- 10-10 A nanometers - ANSWER- 10-9 m Viruses - ANSWER- Pathogens smaller and presumable simpler than smallest bacteria Bacteriophage - ANSWER- Infects bacteria Human Immunodeficiency virus - ANSWER- Aids - RNA virus Adenovirus - ANSWER- HPV leads to cervical cancer Viroids - ANSWER- Infectious agent was small circular RNA lacking protein coat Cadang Cadang - ANSWER- devastated coconut palm groves of Philippines Viroid traits - ANSWER- 1. RNAs range from about 240 to 600 nucleotides (10% size of smaller viruses) 2. Duplication of viroid RNA uses host enzymes & proteins 3. Viroid RNA does not code for proteins; may case disease by interfering with cell's normal path of gene expression Stem Cell - ANSWER- Not specialized and they can give rise to more stem cells or to specialized cells Robert Hooke - ANSWER- 1665 - English Microscopist - Studied cork. 1st to describe cell; called chambers in corks cells (cellular) since they reminded him of cells occupied by monks living in a monastery; They were actually empty cell walls, the remains of dead cells. Anton van Leeuwenhoek - ANSWER- () Dutch; first to describe living single cells 200 years later - ANSWER- 1830s Full & widespread of importance of cells realized Matthias Schleiden - ANSWER- Botanist (1838) claimed all plant tissues composed of cells; described how plant embryos arise from a single cell Theodo Schwann - ANSWER- Zoologist (1839) - claimed all animals tissues composed of cell; plants & animals similar Schwann - ANSWER- Who proposed the first two tenets of Cell Theory 1. All Organisms are composed of one or more cells 2. The cell is the structural unit of life for all organisms