CLINICAL 321 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY AND
PHARMACOLOGY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS STUDY
GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
1.What are the nursing indications of Atrovent?: Mechanism of Action:
Anti- cholinergic bronchodilator
Usual dose: 2 inhalations
QID Side Effects: Dry
mouth, cough
Nursing Intervention: Assess respiratory status, educate patient on prop
inhaler technique
2.Why would you give Atrovent to a patient?: To treat or prevent
bronchospasm in conditions such as COPD or asthma by relaxing airway
muscles.
3.Why would you administer Ventolin?: To relieve or prevent
bronchospasm in asthma, COPD, or other reversible obstructive airway
conditions.
4.What is the mechanism of action of Ventolin?: Beta-2 agonist that
relaxes bronchial smooth muscle
5.What are major side effects of Ventolin?: Tremors, tachycardia,
possible hy- pokalemia.
6.What labs might be relevant if high doses of Ventolin is used?:
Serum potassium (K+).
7.Why would you give Fragmin (Dalteparin)?: To prevent or treat deep
vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
8.What is the mechanism of action of Fragmin?: Low molecular weight
heparin Enhances antithrombin III to inhibit Factor Xa.
9.What are potential side effects of Fragmin?: Bleeding, thrombocytopenia.
10.What lab values should be monitored for Fragmin?: Platelet count,
hemoglo- bin, hematocrit.
11.Why would Apixaban be prescribed?: For stroke prevention in atrial
fibrillation or treatment/prevention of DVT/PE.
12.How does Apixaban work?: Inhibits Factor Xa to prevent clot
formation. Anticoagulant
13.What are common risks associated with Apixaban?: Bleeding, bruising.
14.What labs should be monitored when Apixaban is given?: Renal
function (Creatinine), CBC.
15.When is Metoprolol indicated?: For hypertension, angina, heart
failure, or post-MI management.
,16.What is the function of Metoprolol?: Beta-1 blocker that decreases
heart rate and cardiac output.
17.What should be monitored before administration of metoprolol?:
Blood pressure and heart rate.
18.Why would Ramipril be given?: To treat hypertension or heart failure,
and to prevent cardiovascular events.
,19.How does Ramipril work?: ACE inhibitor that reduces angiotensin II
and in- creases bradykinin, leading to vasodilation.
20.What labs should be monitored for Ramipril?: Potassium, creatinine.
21.Why is Lasix used?: To reduce edema and treat hypertension or heart
failure.
22.How does Lasix work?: Loop diuretic that inhibits Na/K/Cl
reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
23.What labs are important for lasix?: Potassium, sodium, BUN, creatinine.
24.When would Laxaday be indicated?: For relief of occasional constipation
25.How does Laxaday work?: Osmotic laxative that retains water in the
stool.
26.What is Senna used for?: Short-term treatment of constipation.
27.How does Senna work?: Stimulates bowel peristalsis by irritating the
intestinal wall.
28.What are key side effects of senna?: Cramping, diarrhea.
29.Why would you give Lactulose?: For constipation or to reduce
ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy.
30.What is the mechanism of action of lactulose?: Osmotic laxative and
ammo- nia reducer via conversion to ammonium.
31.What labs should be monitored for lactulose?: Ammonia level,
sodium, potassium.
32.What are indications for Maxeran?: Nausea, vomiting, or delayed
gastric emptying.
33.Mechanism of action of Maxeran (Metoclopramide)?: Dopamine
antagonist; enhances GI motility.
34.What are the side effects of Maxeran (Metoclopramide)?: Drowsiness,
EPS symptoms.
35.Why would Gravol (Dimenhydrinate)? be used?: To treat nausea,
vomiting, or motion sickness.
36.What is the mechanism of action of Gravol?: Antihistamine with
anticholiner- gic properties
37.What are the side effects of Gravol?: Sedation, dry mouth, urinary
retention.
38.What is Zofran used for?: To prevent/treat nausea and vomiting
(chemo, surgery)
39.How does Zofran work?: Serotonin antagonist
40.What are some concerns when administering Zofran?: QT
prolongation, constipation.
41.Why would someone be prescribed Tylenol?: For mild to moderate
, pain or fever.
42.What is the mechanism of action of Tylenol?: Inhibits central
prostaglandin synthesis.
PHARMACOLOGY QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS STUDY
GUIDE WITH COMPLETE SOLUTION!!
1.What are the nursing indications of Atrovent?: Mechanism of Action:
Anti- cholinergic bronchodilator
Usual dose: 2 inhalations
QID Side Effects: Dry
mouth, cough
Nursing Intervention: Assess respiratory status, educate patient on prop
inhaler technique
2.Why would you give Atrovent to a patient?: To treat or prevent
bronchospasm in conditions such as COPD or asthma by relaxing airway
muscles.
3.Why would you administer Ventolin?: To relieve or prevent
bronchospasm in asthma, COPD, or other reversible obstructive airway
conditions.
4.What is the mechanism of action of Ventolin?: Beta-2 agonist that
relaxes bronchial smooth muscle
5.What are major side effects of Ventolin?: Tremors, tachycardia,
possible hy- pokalemia.
6.What labs might be relevant if high doses of Ventolin is used?:
Serum potassium (K+).
7.Why would you give Fragmin (Dalteparin)?: To prevent or treat deep
vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).
8.What is the mechanism of action of Fragmin?: Low molecular weight
heparin Enhances antithrombin III to inhibit Factor Xa.
9.What are potential side effects of Fragmin?: Bleeding, thrombocytopenia.
10.What lab values should be monitored for Fragmin?: Platelet count,
hemoglo- bin, hematocrit.
11.Why would Apixaban be prescribed?: For stroke prevention in atrial
fibrillation or treatment/prevention of DVT/PE.
12.How does Apixaban work?: Inhibits Factor Xa to prevent clot
formation. Anticoagulant
13.What are common risks associated with Apixaban?: Bleeding, bruising.
14.What labs should be monitored when Apixaban is given?: Renal
function (Creatinine), CBC.
15.When is Metoprolol indicated?: For hypertension, angina, heart
failure, or post-MI management.
,16.What is the function of Metoprolol?: Beta-1 blocker that decreases
heart rate and cardiac output.
17.What should be monitored before administration of metoprolol?:
Blood pressure and heart rate.
18.Why would Ramipril be given?: To treat hypertension or heart failure,
and to prevent cardiovascular events.
,19.How does Ramipril work?: ACE inhibitor that reduces angiotensin II
and in- creases bradykinin, leading to vasodilation.
20.What labs should be monitored for Ramipril?: Potassium, creatinine.
21.Why is Lasix used?: To reduce edema and treat hypertension or heart
failure.
22.How does Lasix work?: Loop diuretic that inhibits Na/K/Cl
reabsorption in the loop of Henle.
23.What labs are important for lasix?: Potassium, sodium, BUN, creatinine.
24.When would Laxaday be indicated?: For relief of occasional constipation
25.How does Laxaday work?: Osmotic laxative that retains water in the
stool.
26.What is Senna used for?: Short-term treatment of constipation.
27.How does Senna work?: Stimulates bowel peristalsis by irritating the
intestinal wall.
28.What are key side effects of senna?: Cramping, diarrhea.
29.Why would you give Lactulose?: For constipation or to reduce
ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy.
30.What is the mechanism of action of lactulose?: Osmotic laxative and
ammo- nia reducer via conversion to ammonium.
31.What labs should be monitored for lactulose?: Ammonia level,
sodium, potassium.
32.What are indications for Maxeran?: Nausea, vomiting, or delayed
gastric emptying.
33.Mechanism of action of Maxeran (Metoclopramide)?: Dopamine
antagonist; enhances GI motility.
34.What are the side effects of Maxeran (Metoclopramide)?: Drowsiness,
EPS symptoms.
35.Why would Gravol (Dimenhydrinate)? be used?: To treat nausea,
vomiting, or motion sickness.
36.What is the mechanism of action of Gravol?: Antihistamine with
anticholiner- gic properties
37.What are the side effects of Gravol?: Sedation, dry mouth, urinary
retention.
38.What is Zofran used for?: To prevent/treat nausea and vomiting
(chemo, surgery)
39.How does Zofran work?: Serotonin antagonist
40.What are some concerns when administering Zofran?: QT
prolongation, constipation.
41.Why would someone be prescribed Tylenol?: For mild to moderate
, pain or fever.
42.What is the mechanism of action of Tylenol?: Inhibits central
prostaglandin synthesis.
