SOCL 2001 LSU Exam 2 Questions and Answers Fully Solved Latest 2025
Primary deviance - Answers the first act of rule breaking that may incur a labeling of "deviant" and thus
influence how people think about and act toward you
Secondary deviance - Answers Subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as
a result of your new deviant label and people's expectations of you
Stigma - Answers A negative social label that not only changes other's behaviors toward a person but
also alters that person's own self-concept and social identity
Broken windows theory of deviance - Answers Theory explaining how social context and social cues
impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically; whether local, informal social norms allow deviant
acts
Street crime - Answers Crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and
poverty
White-collar crime - Answers Offense committed by (a) professional(s) against a corporation, agency, or
other institution
Corporate crime - Answers A particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEOs and
other executives) of a corporation
Deterrence theory - Answers Philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results
from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits
Recidivism - Answers When an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts
to criminal behavior
Total institution - Answers An institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics
of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the
same place and under the same single authority
Panopticon - Answers A circular building composed of an inner ring and outer ring designed to serve as a
prison in which the guards, housed on the inside, can observe prisoners without the detainees knowing
whether or not they are being watched
Social equality - Answers A condition in which no difference in wealth, power, prestige, or status based
on non-natural conventions exist
Dialectic - Answers A two-directional relationship, following a pattern in which an original statement or
thesis is countered with an antithesis leading to a conclusion that unites the strengths of the original
position and the counterarguments
Equality of opportunity - Answers The idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social
prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are the same for everyone
, Bourgeois society - Answers A society of commerce (modern capitalist society) in which the
maximization of profit is the primary business incentive
Equality of condition - Answers The idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
Equality of outcome - Answers The idea that each player must end up with the same amount regardless
of the fairness of the "game"
Free rider problem - Answers The notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting
something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the
extra weight
Estate system - Answers A politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social
mobility
Caste system - Answers A religion-based system of stratification characterized by cohesive, oppositional
groups and somewhat loose social mobility
Proletariat - Answers The working class
Bourgeoisie - Answers The capitalist class
Contradictory class locations - Answers The idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure
that fall between the two "pure" classes
Status hierarchy system - Answers A system of stratification based on social prestige
Elite-mass dichotomy system - Answers A system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few
leaders who broadly hold power in society
Meritocracy - Answers A society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability,
and achievement
Socioeconomic status - Answers An individual's position in a stratified social order
Income - Answers Money received by a person for work, from transfers (gifts, inheritances, or
government assistance), or from returns on investments
Wealth - Answers A family's or individual's net worth (that is, total assets minus total debts)
Upper class - Answers A term for economic elite
Feminism - Answers A consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an
organizing principle of life. The underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal
opportunities and respect
Sex - Answers The biological differences that distinguish males from females
Primary deviance - Answers the first act of rule breaking that may incur a labeling of "deviant" and thus
influence how people think about and act toward you
Secondary deviance - Answers Subsequent acts of rule breaking that occur after primary deviance and as
a result of your new deviant label and people's expectations of you
Stigma - Answers A negative social label that not only changes other's behaviors toward a person but
also alters that person's own self-concept and social identity
Broken windows theory of deviance - Answers Theory explaining how social context and social cues
impact whether individuals act deviantly; specifically; whether local, informal social norms allow deviant
acts
Street crime - Answers Crime committed in public and often associated with violence, gangs, and
poverty
White-collar crime - Answers Offense committed by (a) professional(s) against a corporation, agency, or
other institution
Corporate crime - Answers A particular type of white-collar crime committed by the officers (CEOs and
other executives) of a corporation
Deterrence theory - Answers Philosophy of criminal justice arising from the notion that crime results
from a rational calculation of its costs and benefits
Recidivism - Answers When an individual who has been involved with the criminal justice system reverts
to criminal behavior
Total institution - Answers An institution in which one is totally immersed and that controls all the basics
of day-to-day life; no barriers exist between the usual spheres of daily life, and all activity occurs in the
same place and under the same single authority
Panopticon - Answers A circular building composed of an inner ring and outer ring designed to serve as a
prison in which the guards, housed on the inside, can observe prisoners without the detainees knowing
whether or not they are being watched
Social equality - Answers A condition in which no difference in wealth, power, prestige, or status based
on non-natural conventions exist
Dialectic - Answers A two-directional relationship, following a pattern in which an original statement or
thesis is countered with an antithesis leading to a conclusion that unites the strengths of the original
position and the counterarguments
Equality of opportunity - Answers The idea that everyone has an equal chance to achieve wealth, social
prestige, and power because the rules of the game, so to speak, are the same for everyone
, Bourgeois society - Answers A society of commerce (modern capitalist society) in which the
maximization of profit is the primary business incentive
Equality of condition - Answers The idea that everyone should have an equal starting point
Equality of outcome - Answers The idea that each player must end up with the same amount regardless
of the fairness of the "game"
Free rider problem - Answers The notion that when more than one person is responsible for getting
something done, the incentive is for each individual to shirk responsibility and hope others will pull the
extra weight
Estate system - Answers A politically based system of stratification characterized by limited social
mobility
Caste system - Answers A religion-based system of stratification characterized by cohesive, oppositional
groups and somewhat loose social mobility
Proletariat - Answers The working class
Bourgeoisie - Answers The capitalist class
Contradictory class locations - Answers The idea that people can occupy locations in the class structure
that fall between the two "pure" classes
Status hierarchy system - Answers A system of stratification based on social prestige
Elite-mass dichotomy system - Answers A system of stratification that has a governing elite, a few
leaders who broadly hold power in society
Meritocracy - Answers A society where status and mobility are based on individual attributes, ability,
and achievement
Socioeconomic status - Answers An individual's position in a stratified social order
Income - Answers Money received by a person for work, from transfers (gifts, inheritances, or
government assistance), or from returns on investments
Wealth - Answers A family's or individual's net worth (that is, total assets minus total debts)
Upper class - Answers A term for economic elite
Feminism - Answers A consciousness-raising movement to get people to understand that gender is an
organizing principle of life. The underlying belief is that women and men should be accorded equal
opportunities and respect
Sex - Answers The biological differences that distinguish males from females
