Realism, post-modernism, module 3, module 4
Foreign Policy between the Congress Government and BJP Government, Foreign Policy of all
countries.
V N Khanna- on IR
Hans Morgenthau- politics among nations
Joshua Gholston- on IR
Kim Marshall- bestseller reverse on geography.
Peu Ghosh- on IR
EH Carr- on IR
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
1. United Nations Organization (UN)
2. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
3. World Health Organization (WHO)
4. World Economic Forum
5. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
6. World Bank
7. World Trade Organization
8. United Nations Education Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
9. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
10. Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN)
11. Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD)
12. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
13. New Development Bank (BRICS Development Bank)
14. Asian Development Bank (ADB)
15. Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
, COLLECTIVE SECURITY INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
1. UN (United Nations), Security Council
2. NATO (North Atlantic treaty organization)
3. AU (African union)
4. Arab League
5. CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organization)
6. Shanghai Cooperation organization
7. Gulf cooperation council
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
The term IR was first used by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century. Today nation states have
become highly interdependent and relations between them, political or economic, have
developed into an essential area of knowledge. The term IR may be used both for conditions and
discipline. IR as a condition refers to the facts of international life, i.e., to say the actual conduct
of relations among nations through diplomacy based on foreign policy. It also includes actual
areas of cooperation, conflict, and war. IR as a subject is concerned with the relationships among
the governments of various sovereign states. Scholars of IR look at the relations among nations
as a study of conflict and cooperation. Hans Morgenthau viewed the core of IR as international
politics, and the subject matter of international politics means the struggle for power among
sovereign nations. Palmer and Perkins point out IR as related to not just politics of international
community centering on diplomacy, he also adds the totality of the relations among people and
groups in the world society. Goldstein opines that the field of IR is primarily concerned with the
relationship between the world’s government, however he also includes activities of other actors
such as NATO, UN, MNCs and individuals in connection with other social structures including
economic, cultural, and domestic politics.
IMP Terms: Foreign power, diplomacy, Soft Power Politics: power to convince to do something
without coercing them, hard power politics, Debt trap, sanction, international law, globalization,
,conflict resolution, International Trade (WTO), World Market. According to some IR is about
international politics, society, culture.
NATURE AND SCOPE
As a field of study IR analyses a wide range of political activities which include war, peace,
diplomacy, trade relations (MFN STATUS), alliances, cultural exchanges, and participation in
international organisations. The scope of IR is often defined by subtitles like questions of war
and peace and of international security. Joshua Bostin wrote that the movement of armies and
diplomats, crafting of treaties and alliances, development and deployment of military capabilities
are the subjects that dominated the study of IR in the past and continue to hold central position in
the field. During the 1970s and 80s economic realities became increasingly central to IR. As
wars have become uncommon, nuclear weapons have proved to be a major deterrent among
major powers and as regional conflicts and ethnic troubles bothering civil wars have increased.
With the increasing role of non-state actors, the content of IR has further widened.
APPROACHES TO IR
LIBERALISM AND REALISM AND WORLD SYSTEM APPROACH (MARXIST)
LIBERALISM
John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, Immanuel Kant, Thomas Jefferson, David Hume, James Madison,
Woodrow Wilson, Norman Angell. The most keenly debated issue in IR has been the pessimistic
view of realism and optimistic view of liberalism. Dunne compared the two main political parties
in a democracy where realism is the natural party of the government and liberalism is the leader
of the opposition. The liberal tradition in IR is intricately connected with the emergence of the
modern liberal state and leaders like Hume, Locke, and Angell are strongly associated with
liberalism in IR.
, ASSUMPTIONS
Liberals have faith in modernity which projects a new and better life, free of authoritarian
government and a higher level of material welfare. Liberals take a positive view of human nature
and have great faith in reason. They are convinced that rationale principles can be applied to
international affairs.
AVOIDANCE OF WAR
Liberals believed that conflicts and wars are avoidable. When people employ reason, they can
achieve mutually beneficial cooperation not only within states but also internationally.
COMMON INTEREST
Liberals argue that human nature is not evil, and that peaceful and cooperative relations amongst
states are possible and states can operate as a community rather than self-interested autonomous
units.
The RULE OF LAW
The liberal finds the state as a constitutional entity that establishes and enforces the rule of law
and which respects the rights of citizens to life, liberty, and property.
PEACE
Reason would prevail over brute force and this argument was further enlarged by Jeremy
Bentham and Emmanuel Kant where they felt that mutually respectful and constitutional states
would eventually establish perpetual peace in the world.
Foreign Policy between the Congress Government and BJP Government, Foreign Policy of all
countries.
V N Khanna- on IR
Hans Morgenthau- politics among nations
Joshua Gholston- on IR
Kim Marshall- bestseller reverse on geography.
Peu Ghosh- on IR
EH Carr- on IR
INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
1. United Nations Organization (UN)
2. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF)
3. World Health Organization (WHO)
4. World Economic Forum
5. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
6. World Bank
7. World Trade Organization
8. United Nations Education Scientific & Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
9. South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
10. Association of Southeast Nations (ASEAN)
11. Organization for Economic Cooperation & Development (OECD)
12. Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB)
13. New Development Bank (BRICS Development Bank)
14. Asian Development Bank (ADB)
15. Worldwide Fund for Nature (WWF)
, COLLECTIVE SECURITY INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATIONS
1. UN (United Nations), Security Council
2. NATO (North Atlantic treaty organization)
3. AU (African union)
4. Arab League
5. CSTO (Collective Security Treaty Organization)
6. Shanghai Cooperation organization
7. Gulf cooperation council
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
The term IR was first used by Jeremy Bentham in the 18th century. Today nation states have
become highly interdependent and relations between them, political or economic, have
developed into an essential area of knowledge. The term IR may be used both for conditions and
discipline. IR as a condition refers to the facts of international life, i.e., to say the actual conduct
of relations among nations through diplomacy based on foreign policy. It also includes actual
areas of cooperation, conflict, and war. IR as a subject is concerned with the relationships among
the governments of various sovereign states. Scholars of IR look at the relations among nations
as a study of conflict and cooperation. Hans Morgenthau viewed the core of IR as international
politics, and the subject matter of international politics means the struggle for power among
sovereign nations. Palmer and Perkins point out IR as related to not just politics of international
community centering on diplomacy, he also adds the totality of the relations among people and
groups in the world society. Goldstein opines that the field of IR is primarily concerned with the
relationship between the world’s government, however he also includes activities of other actors
such as NATO, UN, MNCs and individuals in connection with other social structures including
economic, cultural, and domestic politics.
IMP Terms: Foreign power, diplomacy, Soft Power Politics: power to convince to do something
without coercing them, hard power politics, Debt trap, sanction, international law, globalization,
,conflict resolution, International Trade (WTO), World Market. According to some IR is about
international politics, society, culture.
NATURE AND SCOPE
As a field of study IR analyses a wide range of political activities which include war, peace,
diplomacy, trade relations (MFN STATUS), alliances, cultural exchanges, and participation in
international organisations. The scope of IR is often defined by subtitles like questions of war
and peace and of international security. Joshua Bostin wrote that the movement of armies and
diplomats, crafting of treaties and alliances, development and deployment of military capabilities
are the subjects that dominated the study of IR in the past and continue to hold central position in
the field. During the 1970s and 80s economic realities became increasingly central to IR. As
wars have become uncommon, nuclear weapons have proved to be a major deterrent among
major powers and as regional conflicts and ethnic troubles bothering civil wars have increased.
With the increasing role of non-state actors, the content of IR has further widened.
APPROACHES TO IR
LIBERALISM AND REALISM AND WORLD SYSTEM APPROACH (MARXIST)
LIBERALISM
John Locke, Jeremy Bentham, Immanuel Kant, Thomas Jefferson, David Hume, James Madison,
Woodrow Wilson, Norman Angell. The most keenly debated issue in IR has been the pessimistic
view of realism and optimistic view of liberalism. Dunne compared the two main political parties
in a democracy where realism is the natural party of the government and liberalism is the leader
of the opposition. The liberal tradition in IR is intricately connected with the emergence of the
modern liberal state and leaders like Hume, Locke, and Angell are strongly associated with
liberalism in IR.
, ASSUMPTIONS
Liberals have faith in modernity which projects a new and better life, free of authoritarian
government and a higher level of material welfare. Liberals take a positive view of human nature
and have great faith in reason. They are convinced that rationale principles can be applied to
international affairs.
AVOIDANCE OF WAR
Liberals believed that conflicts and wars are avoidable. When people employ reason, they can
achieve mutually beneficial cooperation not only within states but also internationally.
COMMON INTEREST
Liberals argue that human nature is not evil, and that peaceful and cooperative relations amongst
states are possible and states can operate as a community rather than self-interested autonomous
units.
The RULE OF LAW
The liberal finds the state as a constitutional entity that establishes and enforces the rule of law
and which respects the rights of citizens to life, liberty, and property.
PEACE
Reason would prevail over brute force and this argument was further enlarged by Jeremy
Bentham and Emmanuel Kant where they felt that mutually respectful and constitutional states
would eventually establish perpetual peace in the world.
