Science Biology Immunology
BIO 669 EXAM 1 ACTUAL EXAM 2025/
COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100%
CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY GRADED A+
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signaling molecules that regulate innate or adaptive immunity
that are responsible for activating other cells and regulating the
inflammatory response; they help stimulate the response to
infection and tissue damage by guiding lymphocytes and
Cytokines
leukocytes toward the area of damage, stimulating healing, and
increasing or decreasing inflammation; there are multiple types
of these cells, each with their own different roles in the
inflammatory response
type of cytokines that are synthesized by many cells in response
to proinflammatory cytokines and induce chemotaxis to promote
Chemokines phagocytosis and wound healing; e.g. monocyte/macrophage
chemotactic proteins, macrophage inflammatory proteins, and
neutrophils
Cells that synthesize macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells
chemokines
type of cytokine made by white blood cells (produced primarily
by macrophages and lymphocytes) in response to stimulation of
Interleukins
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or by other cytokines; there
are many different types of these cytokines
pro-inflammatory cytokine (activates and enhances inflammatory
Interleukin-1 response) that induces many acute phase proteins and is an
endogenous pyrogen
molecule that stimulates fever by resetting the hypothalamic set
point, setting the body's temperature set point higher so that
Endogenous pyrogen initially you feel cold as your body temperature as risen, but then
as the fever breaks and your temperature goes back down, you
feel hot
, anti-inflammatory cytokine that is primarily produced by
lymphocytes and suppresses the growth of other lymphocytes
Interleukin-10 and the production of proinflammatory cytokines of
macrophages, which leads to a down-regulation of both
inflammatory and acquired immune response
cytokine secreted by macrophages in response to PAMPs and
toll-like receptor recognition that is a strong inflammatory
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
mediator and a key regulatory molecule for inflammation;
induces a multitude of proinflammatory effects
- Induces fever by acting as an endogenous pyrogen (also
produces IL-1 and IL-6, which can also both induce/increase
Effects of tumor necrosis factor- fever)
alpha - Increases synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
- Causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis
- Can cause granuloma formation
tumor necrosis factor alpha is the target of many biologic agents
that try to diminish the immune response when it is
overexpressed/out of proportion; since TNF-A enhances
TNF-A and biologic agents inflammation, drugs that target TNF-A will ramp DOWN the
inflammatory response; e.g. used in treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease (autoimmune
conditions where immune system is too active)
cytokine that protects against viral infections and modulate the
Interferon
inflammatory response
Type I interferons that are produced and released by virally
infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA and
Interferons alpha and beta
other viral PAMPs to protect neighboring healthy cells; don't kill
viruses directly
Type II interferon that is produced primarily by lymphocytes to
activate macrophages, which results in increased capacity to kill
Interferon gamma infectious agents like viruses (and bacteria); key cytokine;
increases microbicidal activity of macrophages
- Plays important role in how well you can clear infection
white blood cells that are the most important cellular activator of
the inflammatory response; cellular bags of granule
- located in the loose connective tissues close to blood vessels
(skin, digestive lining, and respiratory tract)
Mast cells
- their granules contain histamine, cytokines, serotonin, and
chemotactic factors that when released, can lead to a significant
inflammatory response
- mediator for pollen, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, etc.
most common activation of mast cell chemical release
- the release of the contents of the mast cell granules (histamine,
serotonin, chemotactic factors, cytokines, etc.) in response to a
receptor being engaged that allows for the stimulation of mast
cells
Degranulation of mast cells
- this receptor is frequently an antibody acting as a receptor (e.g.
IgE)
- IgE binds to mast cells, causing them to release and produce a
very strong, immediate, acute immune response (e.g. allergic
asthma and other allergic responses)
BIO 669 EXAM 1 ACTUAL EXAM 2025/
COMPLETE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
DETAILED VERIFIED ANSWERS (100%
CORRECT ANSWERS) /ALREADY GRADED A+
Save
Students also studied
MAN320F Midterm Chapter 8: Revenue management fo... PTA practice exam 2
135 terms Teacher 128 terms Teacher 88 terms
Preview Hamas15 Preview Catherine_wanjiru8
signaling molecules that regulate innate or adaptive immunity
that are responsible for activating other cells and regulating the
inflammatory response; they help stimulate the response to
infection and tissue damage by guiding lymphocytes and
Cytokines
leukocytes toward the area of damage, stimulating healing, and
increasing or decreasing inflammation; there are multiple types
of these cells, each with their own different roles in the
inflammatory response
type of cytokines that are synthesized by many cells in response
to proinflammatory cytokines and induce chemotaxis to promote
Chemokines phagocytosis and wound healing; e.g. monocyte/macrophage
chemotactic proteins, macrophage inflammatory proteins, and
neutrophils
Cells that synthesize macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial cells
chemokines
type of cytokine made by white blood cells (produced primarily
by macrophages and lymphocytes) in response to stimulation of
Interleukins
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) or by other cytokines; there
are many different types of these cytokines
pro-inflammatory cytokine (activates and enhances inflammatory
Interleukin-1 response) that induces many acute phase proteins and is an
endogenous pyrogen
molecule that stimulates fever by resetting the hypothalamic set
point, setting the body's temperature set point higher so that
Endogenous pyrogen initially you feel cold as your body temperature as risen, but then
as the fever breaks and your temperature goes back down, you
feel hot
, anti-inflammatory cytokine that is primarily produced by
lymphocytes and suppresses the growth of other lymphocytes
Interleukin-10 and the production of proinflammatory cytokines of
macrophages, which leads to a down-regulation of both
inflammatory and acquired immune response
cytokine secreted by macrophages in response to PAMPs and
toll-like receptor recognition that is a strong inflammatory
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha
mediator and a key regulatory molecule for inflammation;
induces a multitude of proinflammatory effects
- Induces fever by acting as an endogenous pyrogen (also
produces IL-1 and IL-6, which can also both induce/increase
Effects of tumor necrosis factor- fever)
alpha - Increases synthesis of inflammatory serum proteins
- Causes muscle wasting (cachexia) and intravascular thrombosis
- Can cause granuloma formation
tumor necrosis factor alpha is the target of many biologic agents
that try to diminish the immune response when it is
overexpressed/out of proportion; since TNF-A enhances
TNF-A and biologic agents inflammation, drugs that target TNF-A will ramp DOWN the
inflammatory response; e.g. used in treatment of rheumatoid
arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, Crohn's disease (autoimmune
conditions where immune system is too active)
cytokine that protects against viral infections and modulate the
Interferon
inflammatory response
Type I interferons that are produced and released by virally
infected host cells in response to viral double-stranded RNA and
Interferons alpha and beta
other viral PAMPs to protect neighboring healthy cells; don't kill
viruses directly
Type II interferon that is produced primarily by lymphocytes to
activate macrophages, which results in increased capacity to kill
Interferon gamma infectious agents like viruses (and bacteria); key cytokine;
increases microbicidal activity of macrophages
- Plays important role in how well you can clear infection
white blood cells that are the most important cellular activator of
the inflammatory response; cellular bags of granule
- located in the loose connective tissues close to blood vessels
(skin, digestive lining, and respiratory tract)
Mast cells
- their granules contain histamine, cytokines, serotonin, and
chemotactic factors that when released, can lead to a significant
inflammatory response
- mediator for pollen, allergic rhinitis, hay fever, etc.
most common activation of mast cell chemical release
- the release of the contents of the mast cell granules (histamine,
serotonin, chemotactic factors, cytokines, etc.) in response to a
receptor being engaged that allows for the stimulation of mast
cells
Degranulation of mast cells
- this receptor is frequently an antibody acting as a receptor (e.g.
IgE)
- IgE binds to mast cells, causing them to release and produce a
very strong, immediate, acute immune response (e.g. allergic
asthma and other allergic responses)
