Peds: Final Exam Test Bank
Course
PEDS 204
1. Question:
A 6-month-old infant presents with poor weight gain, frequent vomiting, and a palpable “olive-
shaped” mass in the abdomen. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Pyloric stenosis
Explanation: Classic signs include projectile non-bilious vomiting, failure to thrive, and a
palpable hypertrophied pylorus (“olive”). Common in infants 3–6 weeks to 3 months old.
2. Question:
Which vaccine is contraindicated in children with a history of severe allergic reaction to
neomycin?
Answer: MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine
Explanation: MMR contains trace amounts of neomycin and should be avoided in patients with
severe allergy to it.
3. Question:
A newborn has a harsh, loud, systolic murmur heard best at the left upper sternal border and
cyanosis shortly after birth. What congenital heart defect is most likely?
Answer: Tetralogy of Fallot
Explanation: Characterized by ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular
hypertrophy, and overriding aorta, leading to cyanosis and murmur.
4. Question:
At what age should iron supplementation be started in exclusively breastfed infants to prevent
iron deficiency anemia?
Answer: At 4 months
Explanation: Breast milk is low in iron; supplementation is recommended starting at 4–6
months, depending on risk.
5. Question:
A 2-year-old child presents with a “barking” cough, stridor, and hoarseness. What is the most
common cause?
Answer: Viral croup (laryngotracheitis)
Explanation: Usually caused by parainfluenza virus, it presents with inspiratory stridor and a
characteristic barking cough.
,6. Question:
Which of the following is the first-line treatment for acute otitis media in children?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Ciprofloxacin
C) Azithromycin
D) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Answer: A) Amoxicillin
Explanation: Amoxicillin is the first-line due to efficacy and safety.
7. Question:
What is the classic triad of symptoms in Kawasaki disease?
Answer:
1. Fever lasting more than 5 days
2. Conjunctivitis (bilateral, non-exudative)
3. Mucous membrane changes (strawberry tongue, cracked lips)
Other signs include rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, and extremity changes.
8. Question:
A 3-year-old presents with a limp and refusal to bear weight on the right leg, no fever, and no
trauma history. X-ray is normal. What is the likely diagnosis?
Answer: Transient synovitis of the hip
Explanation: Common cause of limp in toddlers; self-limited and often follows viral illness.
9. Question:
What are the signs of respiratory distress in infants?
Answer:
Nasal flaring
Grunting
Retractions (intercostal, subcostal)
Tachypnea
Cyanosis
, 10. Question:
Which newborn screening test detects phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Answer: Guthrie test (heel-prick blood test)
Explanation: Detects elevated phenylalanine levels to prevent intellectual disability.
11. Question:
What is the recommended age for the first dose of the Hepatitis B vaccine in infants?
Answer: At birth (within 24 hours)
Explanation: First dose is given at birth to prevent vertical transmission from mother.
12. Question:
A 9-month-old infant develops a high fever followed by a sudden rash as the fever resolves.
What is the likely diagnosis?
Answer: Roseola infantum (Sixth disease)
Explanation: Caused by HHV-6, characterized by high fever for 3–5 days then abrupt rash
onset.
13. Question:
Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets in children?
Answer: Vitamin D deficiency
Explanation: Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption; its deficiency causes defective bone
mineralization.
14. Question:
What is the first-line treatment for pediatric asthma exacerbation?
Answer: Short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol)
Explanation: Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, providing rapid symptom relief.
15. Question:
Which congenital infection is associated with “blueberry muffin” rash in neonates?
Answer: Congenital rubella syndrome
Explanation: The rash results from extramedullary hematopoiesis due to viral infection.
Course
PEDS 204
1. Question:
A 6-month-old infant presents with poor weight gain, frequent vomiting, and a palpable “olive-
shaped” mass in the abdomen. What is the most likely diagnosis?
Answer: Pyloric stenosis
Explanation: Classic signs include projectile non-bilious vomiting, failure to thrive, and a
palpable hypertrophied pylorus (“olive”). Common in infants 3–6 weeks to 3 months old.
2. Question:
Which vaccine is contraindicated in children with a history of severe allergic reaction to
neomycin?
Answer: MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) vaccine
Explanation: MMR contains trace amounts of neomycin and should be avoided in patients with
severe allergy to it.
3. Question:
A newborn has a harsh, loud, systolic murmur heard best at the left upper sternal border and
cyanosis shortly after birth. What congenital heart defect is most likely?
Answer: Tetralogy of Fallot
Explanation: Characterized by ventricular septal defect, pulmonary stenosis, right ventricular
hypertrophy, and overriding aorta, leading to cyanosis and murmur.
4. Question:
At what age should iron supplementation be started in exclusively breastfed infants to prevent
iron deficiency anemia?
Answer: At 4 months
Explanation: Breast milk is low in iron; supplementation is recommended starting at 4–6
months, depending on risk.
5. Question:
A 2-year-old child presents with a “barking” cough, stridor, and hoarseness. What is the most
common cause?
Answer: Viral croup (laryngotracheitis)
Explanation: Usually caused by parainfluenza virus, it presents with inspiratory stridor and a
characteristic barking cough.
,6. Question:
Which of the following is the first-line treatment for acute otitis media in children?
A) Amoxicillin
B) Ciprofloxacin
C) Azithromycin
D) Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole
Answer: A) Amoxicillin
Explanation: Amoxicillin is the first-line due to efficacy and safety.
7. Question:
What is the classic triad of symptoms in Kawasaki disease?
Answer:
1. Fever lasting more than 5 days
2. Conjunctivitis (bilateral, non-exudative)
3. Mucous membrane changes (strawberry tongue, cracked lips)
Other signs include rash, cervical lymphadenopathy, and extremity changes.
8. Question:
A 3-year-old presents with a limp and refusal to bear weight on the right leg, no fever, and no
trauma history. X-ray is normal. What is the likely diagnosis?
Answer: Transient synovitis of the hip
Explanation: Common cause of limp in toddlers; self-limited and often follows viral illness.
9. Question:
What are the signs of respiratory distress in infants?
Answer:
Nasal flaring
Grunting
Retractions (intercostal, subcostal)
Tachypnea
Cyanosis
, 10. Question:
Which newborn screening test detects phenylketonuria (PKU)?
Answer: Guthrie test (heel-prick blood test)
Explanation: Detects elevated phenylalanine levels to prevent intellectual disability.
11. Question:
What is the recommended age for the first dose of the Hepatitis B vaccine in infants?
Answer: At birth (within 24 hours)
Explanation: First dose is given at birth to prevent vertical transmission from mother.
12. Question:
A 9-month-old infant develops a high fever followed by a sudden rash as the fever resolves.
What is the likely diagnosis?
Answer: Roseola infantum (Sixth disease)
Explanation: Caused by HHV-6, characterized by high fever for 3–5 days then abrupt rash
onset.
13. Question:
Which vitamin deficiency causes rickets in children?
Answer: Vitamin D deficiency
Explanation: Vitamin D is essential for calcium absorption; its deficiency causes defective bone
mineralization.
14. Question:
What is the first-line treatment for pediatric asthma exacerbation?
Answer: Short-acting beta-agonists (e.g., albuterol)
Explanation: Relaxes bronchial smooth muscle, providing rapid symptom relief.
15. Question:
Which congenital infection is associated with “blueberry muffin” rash in neonates?
Answer: Congenital rubella syndrome
Explanation: The rash results from extramedullary hematopoiesis due to viral infection.
