A+ Graded Paper
A&P Final Study Pack | Complete Chapter 1–15
Breakdown + A Review Final Exam 2025 - 100%
Verified Questions + In-Depth Explanations
Questions and Mark scheme
Version: Final 1.1
,what is an example of a protein donor? - ✔✔acids
what is an example of a protein acceptor? - ✔✔bases
how do buffers work? - ✔✔they resist abrupt and large changes in the pH by releasing acid or binding (base)
what are the three classes of carbohydrates? - ✔✔monosaccharides (1 sugar), disaccharides (2 sugars), and
polysaccharides (many sugars)
what are the four levels of protein structure? - ✔✔primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
what percent of the body does CHON make up? - ✔✔96.1%
what makes up 96.1% of the body? - ✔✔CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
what is a mixture? - ✔✔can be separated by physical means
what is a compound? - ✔✔has chemical reactions between components and can be separated by breaking bonds
how are compounds separated - ✔✔by breaking bonds
what are the 4 different types of bonds - ✔✔chemical, ionic, covalent, polar, and hydrogen
what are isotopes - ✔✔structural variations of atoms that have different numbers of neutrons with different mass
what are structural variations of atoms that have different numbers of neutrons with different mass? - ✔✔isotopes
what is a cell? - ✔✔the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism
what is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism - ✔✔a cell
,what are the cells that store nutrients? - ✔✔fat cells
what is active transport - ✔✔requires the cell to use energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the
membrane
what kind of transport requires the use of ATP? - ✔✔active transport
are the non polar tails of the phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophilic? - ✔✔hydrophobic
what is diffusion - ✔✔the tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration along their concentration gradient
what is the tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
along their concentration gradient - ✔✔diffusion
what is tonicity? - ✔✔the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by alteration the cells internal
water/volume
what is the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by alteration the cells internal water/volume -
✔✔tonicity
what are hypertonic solutions? - ✔✔have a higher concentration of solutes on the outside than inside of the cell
what type of solution has higher concentration of solutes on the outside compared to the inside? - ✔✔hypertonic
solutions
what is lysis - ✔✔the bursting of cells in a hypotonic solution
what is the bursting of cells in a hypotonic solution? - ✔✔lysis
what are ribosomes? - ✔✔small dark-staining granules composted of proteins and a variety of RNA's
, what are small dark-staining granules composted of proteins and a variety of RNA's - ✔✔ribosomes
What is anatomy defined as? - ✔✔the study of structure of the body
what is physiology defined as? - ✔✔the study of the function of the body
what are the 3 main body planes? - ✔✔frontal, median, and transverse
what are the 8 necessary life functions? - ✔✔maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism,
dispose of wastes, reproduction, & growth
what are the levels of structural organization from simplest to most complex? - ✔✔chemical, cellular, tissue, organ,
organ system, & organismal
describe the anatomical position - ✔✔body erect, facing forward, feet slightly apart, arms at sides with palms forward
what are the 11 organ systems of the body? - ✔✔integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and immune system
what does negative feedback do? - ✔✔reduces or shuts off original stimulus
what does positive feedback do? - ✔✔enhances or exaggerates original stimuli
what is homeostatic imbalance? - ✔✔a disturbance that causes change in the internal state of the organism
such as: disease, aging, and malnutrition
how does a receptor react to a stimuli? - ✔✔the receptor sends information to the control center and sends the
appropriate response to the effector which then provides the means to a response
what are the 5 survival needs? - ✔✔nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric
pressure
(all in appropriate amounts)
A&P Final Study Pack | Complete Chapter 1–15
Breakdown + A Review Final Exam 2025 - 100%
Verified Questions + In-Depth Explanations
Questions and Mark scheme
Version: Final 1.1
,what is an example of a protein donor? - ✔✔acids
what is an example of a protein acceptor? - ✔✔bases
how do buffers work? - ✔✔they resist abrupt and large changes in the pH by releasing acid or binding (base)
what are the three classes of carbohydrates? - ✔✔monosaccharides (1 sugar), disaccharides (2 sugars), and
polysaccharides (many sugars)
what are the four levels of protein structure? - ✔✔primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary
what percent of the body does CHON make up? - ✔✔96.1%
what makes up 96.1% of the body? - ✔✔CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)
what is a mixture? - ✔✔can be separated by physical means
what is a compound? - ✔✔has chemical reactions between components and can be separated by breaking bonds
how are compounds separated - ✔✔by breaking bonds
what are the 4 different types of bonds - ✔✔chemical, ionic, covalent, polar, and hydrogen
what are isotopes - ✔✔structural variations of atoms that have different numbers of neutrons with different mass
what are structural variations of atoms that have different numbers of neutrons with different mass? - ✔✔isotopes
what is a cell? - ✔✔the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism
what is the basic structural and functional unit of a living organism - ✔✔a cell
,what are the cells that store nutrients? - ✔✔fat cells
what is active transport - ✔✔requires the cell to use energy in the form of ATP to move substances across the
membrane
what kind of transport requires the use of ATP? - ✔✔active transport
are the non polar tails of the phospholipid bilayer hydrophobic or hydrophilic? - ✔✔hydrophobic
what is diffusion - ✔✔the tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration along their concentration gradient
what is the tendency of molecules to move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
along their concentration gradient - ✔✔diffusion
what is tonicity? - ✔✔the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by alteration the cells internal
water/volume
what is the ability of a solution to change the shape or tone of cells by alteration the cells internal water/volume -
✔✔tonicity
what are hypertonic solutions? - ✔✔have a higher concentration of solutes on the outside than inside of the cell
what type of solution has higher concentration of solutes on the outside compared to the inside? - ✔✔hypertonic
solutions
what is lysis - ✔✔the bursting of cells in a hypotonic solution
what is the bursting of cells in a hypotonic solution? - ✔✔lysis
what are ribosomes? - ✔✔small dark-staining granules composted of proteins and a variety of RNA's
, what are small dark-staining granules composted of proteins and a variety of RNA's - ✔✔ribosomes
What is anatomy defined as? - ✔✔the study of structure of the body
what is physiology defined as? - ✔✔the study of the function of the body
what are the 3 main body planes? - ✔✔frontal, median, and transverse
what are the 8 necessary life functions? - ✔✔maintain boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism,
dispose of wastes, reproduction, & growth
what are the levels of structural organization from simplest to most complex? - ✔✔chemical, cellular, tissue, organ,
organ system, & organismal
describe the anatomical position - ✔✔body erect, facing forward, feet slightly apart, arms at sides with palms forward
what are the 11 organ systems of the body? - ✔✔integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular,
lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and immune system
what does negative feedback do? - ✔✔reduces or shuts off original stimulus
what does positive feedback do? - ✔✔enhances or exaggerates original stimuli
what is homeostatic imbalance? - ✔✔a disturbance that causes change in the internal state of the organism
such as: disease, aging, and malnutrition
how does a receptor react to a stimuli? - ✔✔the receptor sends information to the control center and sends the
appropriate response to the effector which then provides the means to a response
what are the 5 survival needs? - ✔✔nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and appropriate atmospheric
pressure
(all in appropriate amounts)
