1
(VERIFIED ENDOCRINE)
STEP 1 ENDOCRINE SET OF QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
What hormones do the anterior pituitary secrete?
Oral ectoderm (Rathke's pouch)
What hormones act on proalctin?
Dopamine receptor agonists: Bromocriptine, cabergoline
How are T4 and T3 related?
What is embryological derivation of anterior pituitary?
Beta-endorphin, ACTH, and MSH
Glucocorticoids, beta blockers, propylthiouracil
What are some treatments for prolactomas?
5' deiodinase converts T4 to T3 in the peripheral tissues
5,4,3
What are proopiomelanocortin derivates?
B-FLAT
Basophils - FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
What hormones are secreted by basophils in the anterior pituitary?
Acid PiG - PRL, GH
What hormones are secreted by acidophils in the anterior pituitary?
TSH,LH,FSH,HCG
What hormones share an alpha subunit?
ADH/vasopressin, and oxytocin which are made in the hypothalamus and
transported to posterior pituitary via neurophysins (carrier proteins)
What hormones are stores and released in the posterior pituitary?
mesoderm
, 2
(VERIFIED ENDOCRINE)
What is embryologic origin of adrenal cortex?
Neural crest
What is embryologic origin of adrenal medulla?
Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone) which is regulated by angiotensin II
What does the Zona Glomerulosa secrete and what is it regulated by?
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) which are regulated by ACTH and CRH
What does the Zona Fasiculata secrete and what is it regulated by?
Secretes androgens (DHEA) and regulated by ACTH, CRH
What does the Zona Reticularis secrete and what is it regulated by?
Adrenal medulla secretes catacholamines (Epi, NE) from chromaffin cells which
are regulated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers
What does the adrenal medulla secrete, what cells are they secreted from and what
is it regulated by?
Glucagon - from alpha cells in the periphery
What do alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans secrete and where are they located?
Insulin - from beta cells in the center
What do delta cells in the Islets of Langerhans secrete?
Increases water permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct cells in
kidney to increase water reabsorption
What is the function of ADH?
Alcohol consumption can decrease ADH secretion resulting in polyuria and
dehydration
What substance decreases ADH secretion and what happens?
Increases ACTH, increases MSH, increases beta-endorphin
What is the role of CRH?
CRH decreases with chronic glucocorticoid use
How do levels of CRH change with chronic glucocorticoid use?
, 3
(VERIFIED ENDOCRINE)
Decreases prolactin and TSH
What is hormonal function of dopamine?
Increased prolactin --> galactorrhea
What is one hormonal side effect of dopamine antagonists?
Increased Growth hornome
What is hormonal result of increased GHRH?
FSH and LH increase with GNRH
What hormones increase with increased GnRH?
Tonic GnRH analog
Suppresses hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Used in prostate cancer, precoscious puberty
What is role and mechanism of leuprolide?
Causes uterine contractions during labor
Responsible for milk letdown reflex in response to suckling
Modulates fear, anxiety, social bonding, mood and depression
What is role of oxytocin?
Decreases GnRH (after pregnancy --> leads to delayed postpartum ovulation)
Stimulates lactogenesis
What is role of prolactin?
Increases TSH and prolactin
What is role of TRH?
Decreased GH, decreased TSH
What is role of somatostatin?
Growth hormone stimulates IGF-1 in the liver which activates chondrocyte
proliferation (collagen), osteoblast formation, increased muscle mass and cell
, 4
(VERIFIED ENDOCRINE)
proliferation (increased amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA
synthesis)
Growth hormone also increases lipolysis and decreases glucose uptake
What is mechanism by which growth hormone works?
Regulates blood pressure (v1 receptors) and serum osmolality (v2 receptors) via
inserting aquaporin channels in principal cells of renal collecting duct
What is the role of ADH/vasopressin?
Central diabetes insipidus - decreased ADH
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - increased ADH (can be caused by mutation in V2
receptor)
What is the ADH level in central diabetes insipidus and in nephrogenic DI?
Desmopressin
What is treatment for central DI?
Vasopressin/ADH is a vasoconsterictor (V1) and an antidiuretic (V2). It can be
used in septic shock
Desmopressin is an ADH analog that only acts on V2. It is used in central diabetes
insipidus, bed wetting, and von willebrand/hemophilia
What is the difference between vasopressin and desmopressin? What are their
uses?
Dopamine inhibits prolactin
TSH increases prolactin
What substances can inhibit peripheral conversion of T4 to T3?
Sudden exposure to sudden iodine temporarily turns off thyroid peroxidase and
decreases T4 and T3 production
What is Wolff-Chiakoff effect?
1. Converts I into I2 using H2O2
2. Attaches iodine to tyrosine with thyroglobulin
(VERIFIED ENDOCRINE)
STEP 1 ENDOCRINE SET OF QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS ALREADY GRADED A+
What hormones do the anterior pituitary secrete?
Oral ectoderm (Rathke's pouch)
What hormones act on proalctin?
Dopamine receptor agonists: Bromocriptine, cabergoline
How are T4 and T3 related?
What is embryological derivation of anterior pituitary?
Beta-endorphin, ACTH, and MSH
Glucocorticoids, beta blockers, propylthiouracil
What are some treatments for prolactomas?
5' deiodinase converts T4 to T3 in the peripheral tissues
5,4,3
What are proopiomelanocortin derivates?
B-FLAT
Basophils - FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
What hormones are secreted by basophils in the anterior pituitary?
Acid PiG - PRL, GH
What hormones are secreted by acidophils in the anterior pituitary?
TSH,LH,FSH,HCG
What hormones share an alpha subunit?
ADH/vasopressin, and oxytocin which are made in the hypothalamus and
transported to posterior pituitary via neurophysins (carrier proteins)
What hormones are stores and released in the posterior pituitary?
mesoderm
, 2
(VERIFIED ENDOCRINE)
What is embryologic origin of adrenal cortex?
Neural crest
What is embryologic origin of adrenal medulla?
Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone) which is regulated by angiotensin II
What does the Zona Glomerulosa secrete and what is it regulated by?
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol) which are regulated by ACTH and CRH
What does the Zona Fasiculata secrete and what is it regulated by?
Secretes androgens (DHEA) and regulated by ACTH, CRH
What does the Zona Reticularis secrete and what is it regulated by?
Adrenal medulla secretes catacholamines (Epi, NE) from chromaffin cells which
are regulated by preganglionic sympathetic fibers
What does the adrenal medulla secrete, what cells are they secreted from and what
is it regulated by?
Glucagon - from alpha cells in the periphery
What do alpha cells in the Islets of Langerhans secrete and where are they located?
Insulin - from beta cells in the center
What do delta cells in the Islets of Langerhans secrete?
Increases water permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct cells in
kidney to increase water reabsorption
What is the function of ADH?
Alcohol consumption can decrease ADH secretion resulting in polyuria and
dehydration
What substance decreases ADH secretion and what happens?
Increases ACTH, increases MSH, increases beta-endorphin
What is the role of CRH?
CRH decreases with chronic glucocorticoid use
How do levels of CRH change with chronic glucocorticoid use?
, 3
(VERIFIED ENDOCRINE)
Decreases prolactin and TSH
What is hormonal function of dopamine?
Increased prolactin --> galactorrhea
What is one hormonal side effect of dopamine antagonists?
Increased Growth hornome
What is hormonal result of increased GHRH?
FSH and LH increase with GNRH
What hormones increase with increased GnRH?
Tonic GnRH analog
Suppresses hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
Used in prostate cancer, precoscious puberty
What is role and mechanism of leuprolide?
Causes uterine contractions during labor
Responsible for milk letdown reflex in response to suckling
Modulates fear, anxiety, social bonding, mood and depression
What is role of oxytocin?
Decreases GnRH (after pregnancy --> leads to delayed postpartum ovulation)
Stimulates lactogenesis
What is role of prolactin?
Increases TSH and prolactin
What is role of TRH?
Decreased GH, decreased TSH
What is role of somatostatin?
Growth hormone stimulates IGF-1 in the liver which activates chondrocyte
proliferation (collagen), osteoblast formation, increased muscle mass and cell
, 4
(VERIFIED ENDOCRINE)
proliferation (increased amino acid uptake, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA
synthesis)
Growth hormone also increases lipolysis and decreases glucose uptake
What is mechanism by which growth hormone works?
Regulates blood pressure (v1 receptors) and serum osmolality (v2 receptors) via
inserting aquaporin channels in principal cells of renal collecting duct
What is the role of ADH/vasopressin?
Central diabetes insipidus - decreased ADH
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus - increased ADH (can be caused by mutation in V2
receptor)
What is the ADH level in central diabetes insipidus and in nephrogenic DI?
Desmopressin
What is treatment for central DI?
Vasopressin/ADH is a vasoconsterictor (V1) and an antidiuretic (V2). It can be
used in septic shock
Desmopressin is an ADH analog that only acts on V2. It is used in central diabetes
insipidus, bed wetting, and von willebrand/hemophilia
What is the difference between vasopressin and desmopressin? What are their
uses?
Dopamine inhibits prolactin
TSH increases prolactin
What substances can inhibit peripheral conversion of T4 to T3?
Sudden exposure to sudden iodine temporarily turns off thyroid peroxidase and
decreases T4 and T3 production
What is Wolff-Chiakoff effect?
1. Converts I into I2 using H2O2
2. Attaches iodine to tyrosine with thyroglobulin
