BIO 669 QUIZ 5 EXAM (NEW 2024/ 2025 UPDATE) QUESTIONS & VERIFIED ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT

BIO 669 QUIZ 5 EXAM (NEW 2024/ 2025 UPDATE) QUESTIONS & VERIFIED ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT what happens when the lungs lose elasticity? - ANS compliance goes up and allows for easier expansion, but leads to reduced recoil into a smaller space (increasing chest space and air way volume) Where is airway resistance the highest? - ANS in nasal passages what has the second highest airway resistance? - ANS pharynx what occurs to the body with widespread acidemia or widespread insufficiency? - ANS increased bronchi constriction= more difficult to breath and need to increase respiratory effort IE. COPD patient gasping for air and fighting harder to breath. what are the 4 steps of ventilation of the lungs? - ANS 1. ventilation of air in and out of lungs 2. diffusion of oxygen from alveoli out into the capillary blood 3. perfusion of systemic capillaries with O2 blood 4. diffusion of O2 from systemic capillaries into the cell. What is barometric pressure? - ANS measure of pressure of all the mixture of gases on a given chamber (aside from water pressure) what do you have more of, perfusion of ventilation? - ANS perfusion How is saturation determined? - ANS the average of O2 that is binded to the over all hemoglobin what happens to saturation when pressure rises? - ANS it rises. what are examples of interactions that decrease the affinity in the binding of O2 to hemoglobin? - ANS increased H+ ion, drop in pH, high CO2, increased temp, 23 DPG where is 23 DPG made? - ANS the Liver What is a right shift? - ANS the offloading of hemoglobin in the decrease in affinity for O2 why does hemoglobins affinity increase at the area of the lungs? - ANS there is a lower temperature, rise of pH that is relative to the systemic circuit, and a low level in carbon dioxide (due to alveolar diffusing CO2 what happens when you go up to a higher altitude? - ANS Left shift- increased breathing rate due to less o2 to decrease CO2= alkalosis event What does 2.3 DPG do? - ANS curves the shift back, allowing O2 to be released from the tissues. (used in times of altitude sickness) How is CO2 transported in the blood? - ANS Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin/ protein, or as bicarbonate ions in plasma What is the Haldane effect? - ANS The lower the PO2 and hemoglobin saturation with O2, the more CO2 can be carried in the blood. What is the Bohr effect? - ANS the regulation of hemoglobin binding by hydrogen ions and carbon dioxide what happens to are lungs with age? - ANS decrease of elasticity= stays over inflated less able to fully expire= reduced ventilatory reserve decreased surface area b/c lack of alveoli elasticity causing them to merge into each other= the less surface area the less gas exchange and respiration= decreased ability to oxygenate blood. What is dyspnea? - ANS difficulty breathing- very subjective What is orthopnea? What is it associated with? - ANS dyspnea while lying down associated with heart failure due to the pressure on the diaphragm from abdominal contents what is proximal nocturnal dyspnea? - ANS pulmonary disease caused by cardiac disease that leads to waking up at night gasping for air or just having difficulty breath that then wakes you up what can cause proximal nocturnal dyspnea? - ANS cardiac disease or pulmonary disease why do nonsmokers have a chronic cough? - ANS because of... postnasal drainage (seasonal allergy)