BIO 669 EXAM (NEW 2024/ 2025 UPDATE) QUESTIONS & VERIFIED ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT-

BIO 669 EXAM (NEW 2024/ 2025 UPDATE) QUESTIONS & VERIFIED ANSWERS| GRADE A| 100% CORRECT- Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) is secreted in response to Toll-like receptor activation and has all of the following effects EXCEPT: A. Induce fever (endogenous pyrogen) B. Suppress growth of lymphocytes and reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines C. Increases synthesis of inflammation related serum proteins by the liver D. Causes muscle wasting and intravascular thrombosis - ANS B. Suppress growth of lymphocytes and reduce production of proinflammatory cytokines Infants have greater risk of dehydration because A. Greater surface area and higher percentage of body weight as water B. Less surface area and less percentage of body weight as water C. A greater surface area and less percentage of body weight as water D. Less surface area and higher percentage of body weight as water - ANS A. Greater surface area and higher percentage of body weight as water Compliment cascade, a deficiency of _______ causes the most severe deficit due to its position at the merging site of three pathways - ANS C3 Which of the following sentinel cell that constantly checks the environment in peripheral organs and skin then moves to the lymph nodes upon detecting potential pathogens. A. Lymphocyte B. Dendritic cell C. Natural killer cell D. Giant cell - ANS B. Dendritic cell What disease allows for the organism to live within the phagosome and never merge with the lysosome unless accepted by the immune cells? - ANS Tuberculosis A rise in H+ levels in the blood (acidosis) will result in _____ levels of CO2 and will be compensated by _____ breathing rate. A. Increased; increased B. Increased, decreased C. Decreased, increased D. Decreased, decreased - ANS A. Increased; increased Which of these is NOT a circulating plasma protein? A. Complement B. Clotting C. Kinin D. Carbonic anhydrase - ANS D. Carbonic anhydrase According to Starling law, which of these forces, when INCREASED, would cause a shift from plasma to interstitial space? - ANS Increase in capillary hydrostatic pressure The fluid exchange between the arterial end and the venous end of a capillary bed in tissues such as muscle and skin results in all of the fluid that leaked out of the capillary being retained in within the vessels with no net loss of fluid TRUE or FALSE - ANS FALSE What percentage of fluids is located within the intravascular space of the ECF? A. Two thirds (66%) B. ¼ (4-5%) C. Three fourths (75%) D. One third (33%) - ANS B. ¼ (4-5%) Starling forces affect the movement of fluid between the plasma and interstitial space. Which of the following, when increased, will promote a shift from the plasma into the interstitial space A. Capillary oncotic pressure B. Interstitial oncotic pressure and plasma hydrostatic pressure C. Plasma hydrostatic pressure D. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure - ANS B. Interstitial oncotic pressure and plasma hydrostatic pressure The ion that is best represented by the following concentrations, 150 mM extracellular and 15 mM intracellular is: A. Na B. Cl C. K D. K - ANS A. Na A loss of proteins, such as albumin, from the plasma will result in: A. A shift of fluid from the interstitial fluid to the plasma B. A shift of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial fluid C. No change in overall fluid movement between the plasma and interstitial fluid D. A swelling of cells due to increase in intra cellular fluid - ANS B. A shift of fluid from the plasma to the interstitial fluid Aspirin and other NSAIDS work by blocking an enzyme critical in the formation of _______________ - ANS Prostaglandins A keloid is: A . A healing wound B. A hypertrophic scar that extends well beyond the initial area of wound C. A collection of immune cells and activated fibroblasts unable to clear the offending agent D. A multinucleated cell - ANS B. A hypertrophic scar that extends well beyond the initial area of wound Carbon Dioxide is an important molecule produced through many metabolic processes. In order to remove excess CO2, the body must transport most of the CO2 in the blood in the form of A. HCO3 (bicarbonate) B. Dissolved CO2 C. CO2 bound to HgB D. Fatty Acids - ANS A. HCO3 (bicarbonate) The ________ histamine receptor is pro inflammatory and stimulates the inflammatory response (such as hay fever) while the ________ histamine receptor is anti inflammatory and stimulates gastric acid. - ANS H1, H2 What type of exudate is found early in inflammation and is watery? - ANS Serous Increased capillary permeability will result in: A. Increased net movement of fluid into the vessels B. Increased plasma oncotic pressure C. Increased loss of fluid, as proteins also leave, from vessels D. Increased capillary hydrostatic forces - ANS C. Increased loss of fluid, as proteins also leave, from vessels Where is most of the Na+ in our bodies found? A. Synovial fluid B. Cerebrospinal fluid C. Extracellular fluid D. Intracellular fluid - ANS C. Extracellular fluid Which of the following is NOT a feature of the adaptive immune system A. It is inducible and long lived B. It is specific in terms of targeting C. It has memory ( responds differently to re-infection of same organisms) D. All of the above are features - ANS D. All of the above are features An 84 year old patient with COPD presents tachypneic, labored breathing, with increased O2 requirements. Multiple tests are ordered, one being an ABG. ABG results are as followed: pH 7.23, CO2 70, HCO3 26, O2 60. What is the patient's ABG result displaying? A. Metabolic acidosis B. Acidotic neutrality C. Respiratory alkalosis D. Respiratory acidosis - ANS D. Respiratory acidosis There are several dysfunctions in wound healing,________ is the development of tissues during wound healing that extend beyond original wound borders and will likely occur. A. Dehiscence B. Hypertrophic scar C. Keloid scar D. Contracture scar - ANS C. Keloid scar Alkalosis has the effect of decreasing ionized Ca++ concentration in the blood as it becomes bound to plasma proteins more frequently (