BIO 182 EXAM 2 STHULTZ WITH
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS|WELL ILLUSTRATED AND
WITH VERIFICATIONS FROM EXPERT|
2025 NEW UPDATE.
What is systematics? - ANSWER ✔✔ Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary
relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern
What is Taxonomy? - ANSWER ✔✔ Science of describing, naming, and classifying living and
extinct organisms and viruses
What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to broader
classifications)? - ANSWER ✔✔ Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom,
Domain
Who is the scientist that proposed the current two-part naming system for each species? -
ANSWER ✔✔ Carolus Linnaeus
What are the two parts of any Latinized binomial name? - ANSWER ✔✔ Genus species
What is a phylogenetic tree and what is it used for (or what is phylogeny)? - ANSWER ✔✔ -
evolutionary history of a species or group of species
-To propose a phylogeny, biologists use the tools of systematics
What are the two ways a new species can be formed? - ANSWER ✔✔ -Anagenesis - single
species evolves into a different species
-Cladogenesis - a species diverges into two or more species
What is Homology? - ANSWER ✔✔ Similarities among various species that occur because they
are derived from a common ancestor
What does cladistics compare? - ANSWER ✔✔ Study and classification of species based on
evolutionary relationships
-considering the various possible pathways of changes and then choosing the tree that requires
the least complex explanation
What is the difference between a primitive character and a derived character? - ANSWER ✔✔ -
Primitive: Shared by two or more different taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last
common ancestor
, -Derived: Shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their most recent common
ancestor
Be able to explain and put in a time frame some of the major episodes in the history of life on
earth. (The clock analogy) - ANSWER ✔✔ -13.7 bya - Universe began with the Big Bang
-4.6 bya -- Our solar system began
-The Earth is 4.55 billion years old
-4 bya - Earth had cooled enough for outer layers to solidify and oceans to form
-between 4 and 3.5 bya - Life emerged
What organisms, and process they perform, would be responsible for the accumulation of
atmospheric oxygen about 2.8 billion years ago? - ANSWER ✔✔ Prokaryotes
What are protists? - ANSWER ✔✔ eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants,
mostly unicellular, and
ancestral to all other eukaryotes.
Explain the two-stage hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells, and be able to define
endosymbiosis. - ANSWER ✔✔ Symbiosis is a more general association between organisms of
two or more species
-Endosymbiosis: refers to one species living inside another host species and
is the process by which eukaryotes gained mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Understand how protists can be seen as the link between unicellular and multicellular life. -
ANSWER ✔✔ -An ancestral colony may have formed when a cell divided and remained
attached to offspring
-Cells in the colony may have become specialized and interdependent
-Additional specialization may have led to sex cells and nonereproductive cells
What is the fossil record? - ANSWER ✔✔ Preserved remains of past life on Earth
Be able to explain radioisotope dating & half-life. - ANSWER ✔✔ -Fossils can be dated using
elemental isotopes in accompanying rock
-Half-life - length of time required for exactly one-half of original isotope to decay
We talked about several things that could affect the fossil record & create bias. (Table 22.1), be
able to identify and explain these factors. - ANSWER ✔✔ -Anatomy:hard body
-Size: larger organisms
-Number: Greater number over larger area
-Environment: Inland Species, away from water
-Time: Existed for long period of time
- Geological process: preservation or not
-Paleontology: how interesting to paleontologist
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT
ANSWERS|WELL ILLUSTRATED AND
WITH VERIFICATIONS FROM EXPERT|
2025 NEW UPDATE.
What is systematics? - ANSWER ✔✔ Study of biological diversity and the evolutionary
relationships among organisms, both extinct and modern
What is Taxonomy? - ANSWER ✔✔ Science of describing, naming, and classifying living and
extinct organisms and viruses
What are the 8 categories of taxonomic hierarchy (in order from species upward to broader
classifications)? - ANSWER ✔✔ Species, Genus, Family, Order, Class, Phylum, Kingdom,
Domain
Who is the scientist that proposed the current two-part naming system for each species? -
ANSWER ✔✔ Carolus Linnaeus
What are the two parts of any Latinized binomial name? - ANSWER ✔✔ Genus species
What is a phylogenetic tree and what is it used for (or what is phylogeny)? - ANSWER ✔✔ -
evolutionary history of a species or group of species
-To propose a phylogeny, biologists use the tools of systematics
What are the two ways a new species can be formed? - ANSWER ✔✔ -Anagenesis - single
species evolves into a different species
-Cladogenesis - a species diverges into two or more species
What is Homology? - ANSWER ✔✔ Similarities among various species that occur because they
are derived from a common ancestor
What does cladistics compare? - ANSWER ✔✔ Study and classification of species based on
evolutionary relationships
-considering the various possible pathways of changes and then choosing the tree that requires
the least complex explanation
What is the difference between a primitive character and a derived character? - ANSWER ✔✔ -
Primitive: Shared by two or more different taxa and inherited from ancestors older than their last
common ancestor
, -Derived: Shared by two or more species or taxa and has originated in their most recent common
ancestor
Be able to explain and put in a time frame some of the major episodes in the history of life on
earth. (The clock analogy) - ANSWER ✔✔ -13.7 bya - Universe began with the Big Bang
-4.6 bya -- Our solar system began
-The Earth is 4.55 billion years old
-4 bya - Earth had cooled enough for outer layers to solidify and oceans to form
-between 4 and 3.5 bya - Life emerged
What organisms, and process they perform, would be responsible for the accumulation of
atmospheric oxygen about 2.8 billion years ago? - ANSWER ✔✔ Prokaryotes
What are protists? - ANSWER ✔✔ eukaryotes that are not fungi, animals, or plants,
mostly unicellular, and
ancestral to all other eukaryotes.
Explain the two-stage hypothesis for the origin of Eukaryotic cells, and be able to define
endosymbiosis. - ANSWER ✔✔ Symbiosis is a more general association between organisms of
two or more species
-Endosymbiosis: refers to one species living inside another host species and
is the process by which eukaryotes gained mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Understand how protists can be seen as the link between unicellular and multicellular life. -
ANSWER ✔✔ -An ancestral colony may have formed when a cell divided and remained
attached to offspring
-Cells in the colony may have become specialized and interdependent
-Additional specialization may have led to sex cells and nonereproductive cells
What is the fossil record? - ANSWER ✔✔ Preserved remains of past life on Earth
Be able to explain radioisotope dating & half-life. - ANSWER ✔✔ -Fossils can be dated using
elemental isotopes in accompanying rock
-Half-life - length of time required for exactly one-half of original isotope to decay
We talked about several things that could affect the fossil record & create bias. (Table 22.1), be
able to identify and explain these factors. - ANSWER ✔✔ -Anatomy:hard body
-Size: larger organisms
-Number: Greater number over larger area
-Environment: Inland Species, away from water
-Time: Existed for long period of time
- Geological process: preservation or not
-Paleontology: how interesting to paleontologist
