Bio 254 Exam Tested Questions with Correct Answers (100 % correct) 2025 Version.

Bio 254 Exam Tested Questions with Correct Answers (100 % correct) 2025 Version. What are the functions of the lymphatic system? 1. Drain excess interstitial fluid 2. Help prevent edema 3. Absorb lipids from the digestive system 4. Defend body from disease What are the organs of the lymphatic system Spleen, lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels Where are lymph nodes found? Everywhere in the body except the CNS ( brain and spinal cord) What does the lymphatic system do? Protects the human body against infection and returns interstitial fluid back to the circulatory system What are the 2 main lymphatic ducts Thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct What portion of the body does the thoracic duct drain? 75% of the body, Left upper body, left and right lower body What portion of the body does the right lymphatic duct drain? 25%, right upper portion Where do the 2 lymphatic ducts empty/drain? Subclavian vein, then back to the circulatory system What is the largest lymphatic organ? Spleen What do lymphatic vessels contain, what do they do? Valves, help maintain lymph circulation and prevents backflow What does skeletal muscle contractions and inspirations do? help maintain lymphatic circulation Innate Immunity Non-specific Physical barriers Phagocytosis ( inflammation ) Adaptive Immunity Involves B and T cells Carried out by lymphocytes What is Humoral Immunity B cells and antibodies What is cell mediated immunity? T cells ( T lymphocytes ) What are functions of interferons Immune signaling for molecules to target and prevent the spread of viruses What is the most abundant Immunoglobulin IgG- acts on bacteria, viruses, and toxins, activates complement What immunoglobulin can be found in tears, saliva, and breast milk? IgA - found in exocrine gland secretions, defends against bacteria and viruses. What Immunoglobulin is important in memory IgM What immunoglobulin is linked to allergic reactions and parasite infections IgE - found in exocrine secretions, causes inflammation IgD Immunoglobulins activates B cells and are most active in infants What triggers antibodies? What is produced to fight antigens? 1. Antigens 2. Antibodies What is the function of memory T and B cells To prevent future infections What is naturally acquired active immunity? Exposure to live pathogens Stimulates an immune response to disease symptoms Ex. Measles infection, flu virus What is naturally acquired passive immunity? Short term immunity of a newborn that shows 0 immune response. Ex. mothers breast milk What is a fever an example of? Innate immunity What helps enhance the effects of most phagocytes? Fever What is an example of innate immunity? Compliment What is species resistance? The ability for a certain species to be resistant to a specific disease. Ex. a bird can get a disease that humans cannot What is Thymosin? Hormone that stimulates T cell maturation What are the characteristics of inflammation ? Redness, pain, swelling, heat Why is inflammation caused? Increased blood flow. Capillary permeability to infection site What is the function of Cytotoxic T cells Destroy CA cells and other virally infected cells What are the 3 T cell types and their functions 1. Helper T cells- Activate other cells, stimulate B cell production of antibodies 2. Cytotoxic T cells- Attack CA or virally infected cells 3. Memory T cells- prevent future infections What is the function of plasma cells B cells that produce antibodies What type immune response is Diarrhea? Innate immune because microorganisms are being flushed out. What are examples of mechanical digestion? 1. Mastication (chewing) 2. Deglutition (swallowing) 3. Peristalsis (wave like motion) 4. Segmentation 5. Churning (mixing movement in stomach) What is chemical digestion The chemicals in food being broken down by enzymes. What are the functions of the digestive system? 1. Ingestion 2. Breakdown (propulsion) 3. Absorb nutrients 4. Deification of waste What are the layers of the alimentary canal and their functions? 1. Mucosa- innermost layer and absorbs nutrients 2. Submucosa- connective layer, nourishes cell and transport food molecules 3. Musclaris- muscle tissue, contracts to move food 4. Serosa- outermost layer, connective tissue that gives strength to the long digestive tract Where does Peristalsis occur? Throughout the digestive tract from the pharynx to the anus - series of muscle contractions What is the role of sympathetic nervous system in relation to the digestive system Inhibits digestion What system stimulates digestion? Parasympathetic Nervous System What do gastric glands produce? Hydrochloric Acid and Instinct factor Overuse of antacids can cause block the digestion of protein What is the function of Cholecystokinin ( CKK) Produced when protein and fat reach the small intestine What are the main organs is the digestive system? 1. mouth 2. pharynx 3. esophagus 4. stomach 5. small intestine 6. large intestine 7. anal canal What are the accesory organs of the digestive system? 1. salivary glands 2. liver 3. gallbladder 4. pancreas What organ produces bile? Liver Where is bile stored? Gallbladder What is the major type of mixing movement that occurs in the small intestine? segmentation What are the functions of the large intestine Absorb water What is absorbed in the small intestine nutrients and minerals What is the function of leptin? suppresses appetite What is the function of gherlin? stimulates hunger What are the 3 parts of the small intestine? duodenum, jejunum, ileum What are the functions of the liver? 1. Detoxification of blood 2. Carb metabolism- converts glucose to glycogen 3. Lipid metabolism- oxidizes amino acids 4. Storage of glycogen, vit A,B12, D, iron, and blood 5. Blood filtering- removes damaged RBC and foreign particles 6. Secretion of bile What organ is most important in glycogensis? The liver- it changes access insulin to glucogen What does the liver do during starvation? it converts glycogen to glucose Villi and microvilli can be found where? Small intestine What is the function of Cholecystokinin CKK Stimulates bile ejection from the gallbladder Where does the digestion of carbohydrates take place? Mouth Where does protein digestion begin? stomach Where does digestion of fats begin? Small intestine What are fats broken down into? Fatty acid and glycerol Where does the last part of chemical digestion take place? Small intestine What is pepsin important for? Digestion of proteins What is pancreatic lipase important for? Digestion of fats Where are amino acids, fatty acids, and monosaccharides absorbed? Small intestine Glucose + Galactose = lactose Lactose is a ... disaccharide Glucose is a ... monosaccharide What is the function of villi and microvilli to increase the surface area for absorption in the small intestine What is the function of secretin? Stimulates a hormone that secretes pancreatic juices What do the parietal cells of the stomach do? secrete HCl and intrinsic factor What digest lipids and fats? Lipase Where do HDL/LDL/VLDL form? Liver What is good chloestrol? Hydrochloric Acid Water soluble vitamins B and C Fat soluble vitamins ADEK What is important in the absorption of Vit. B12? Intrinct Factor, RBC production What source of energy do most cells prefer? Carbohydrates Anabolism Small molecules built into larger ones, requires energy Catabolism Large molecules broken down into smaller ones, releases energy The breakdown of lipid (catabolism) can result in Ketones Fat soluble vitamin functions 1. Dissolve in fats 2. Bile salts promote Vit. absorption 3. Stored in various tissues, excess intake can lead to overdose 4. Resistant to heat Water soluble vitamins functions 1. Not hesitant to heat 2. Essential for cellular metabolism What can the citric acid cycle produce? ATP and 2 CO2 Where does aerobic respiration occur? mitochondria where does anarobic respiration occur? cytoplasm How many molecules of ATP does aerobic produce? 36 How many ATP do anaerobic produce 2 Deamination occurs in ________ cells and is a major step in ________ Liver ; the extraction of energy from proteins Glycolysis Glucose is broken down to pyuvric acid and produces 2 ATP molecules What compound of bile breakdown lipids? Bile Salts First segment of large intestine Cecum Organs secreting enzymes in the GI tract are Exocrine Hoe does a vaccine reduce its effects Stimulates primary immune response What do interferons inhibit spread of viral infections Proteins that induce an adaptive response Antigens The antibodies found in mucus, saliva, and tears are IgA What type of tissue are capillaries simple squamous epithelium