GEOLOGY 105 EXAM 1 CHAPTERS 1 – 4 QUESTIONS
The earth is _____ - characterized by constant change, activity, or progress - Answers
:dynamic
We study earth as a _____, everything is connected - Answers :system
A _____ is a combination of related parts that interact in an organized manner -
Answers :system
_____ explains how the solar system developed - Answers :solar nebula theory
How old is the solar system - Answers :4.6 billion years
How old is the earth? - Answers :4.6 billion years
1) condensation and collapse of gas and dust in and arm of the milky way galaxy
2)cloud of material formed a counter-clockwise rotating disk
3)material concentrated in center - formed the sun and surrounding solar nebula
4)rotation within the solar nebula formed localized eddies where material concentrated
into planetesimals that eventually formed planets - Answers :solar nebula theory
Small planets composed of rock and metallic elements that condensed at the high
temperatures of the inner nebula - Answers :terrestrial planets
Planets that have small rocky cores compared with their overall size and are composed
mostly of hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, which condense at low
temperatures - Answers :jovian planets
-the _____ is the center of the earth
-has a _____ inner and a _____ outer
-makes up _____ of earths volume - Answers :-core
-solid; liquid
-16%
- surrounds the core
-_____ distinct zones
-makes up _____ of earths volume - Answers :-mantle
-three
-83%
-surrounds lower mantle
-behaves _____ (like a liquid) and flows _____
-surrounded by solid, upper _____ - Answers :-asthenosphere
-plastically, slowly
-mantle
,-the upper mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust make up the _____
-broken into _____
-plates float on _____ - Answers :-lithosphere
-plates
-asthenosphere
Oceanic crust is _____ but _____ than continental crust - Answers :thinner but denser
Continental crust is thinnest in areas where there are _____ and thickest on _____
where they have the highest elevation - Answers :lowest elevation
Mountain ranges
What are convection cells? - Answers :the core releases heat from radioactive decay,
hot rock rises, cools the farther it gets from the core, cold rock sinks and the cycle
begins again
Movement of the plates is caused by _____ - Answers :convection in the mantle
The _____ is a pictorial representation of events leading to the origin, destruction or
changes, and reformation of rocks as a consequence of earths internal and surface
processes - Answers :the rock cycle
A _____ is an aggregate of _____ - Answers :rock
Minerals
_____ rocks result when magma or lava crystallizes or when volcanic ejecta accumulate
and consolidate - Answers :igneous
_____ rocks form at or near earths surface and are composed of sediments and form in
three ways - Answers :sedimetary
What are the 3 ways sedimentary rocks form? - Answers :consolidation of mineral or
rock fragments
Precipitation of mineral matter from solution
Compaction of plant or animal remains
_____ rocks result from the alteration of other rocks, usually beneath the surface, by
heat, pressure, and the chemical activity of fluids. Will be either foliated or nonfoliated -
Answers :metamorphic
The principal subsystems of earth are the _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ -
Answers :atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, mantle, and core
_____ is defined as the study of the earth and includes the study of the planets and
moons in our solar system - Answers :geology
, What are the two divisions of geology? - Answers :physical and historical geology
_____ is the study of earth materials such as minerals and rocks, as well as the
processes operating within earth and on its surface - Answers :physical geology
_____ examines the origin and evolution of earth, its continents, oceans, atmosphere,
and life - Answers :historical geology
A _____ is a coherent explanation for one or more related natural phenomena
supported by a large body of objective evidence - Answers :theory
What are the steps to forming a theory? - Answers :define question, form hypothesis,
test hypothesis, analyze data, interpret data, publish results, retest
Can theories be proven wrong? - Answers :yes
Why study earth? - Answers :understanding how things work; predicting, controlling,
and avoiding geological hazards; advancement of civilization; protecting our
environment
How does geology affect our everyday lives? - Answers :natural events (disasters),
economics and politics, our role as decision makers (what we buy, how it was made,
where was it manufactured), consumers and citizens, sustainable development
What are some global geologic and environmental issues facing humankind? - Answers
:overpopulation, which leads people to live in areas where geological hazards are more
frequent, (the greatest environmental problem facing the world today) and global
warming
The _____ results in an increase in the temperature of earths surface and its
atmosphere thus producing _____ - Answers :greenhouse effect
Global warming
Are temperature changes in earths atmosphere normal or unusual? - Answers :normal;
have always occurred; not always steady
The _____ is a model for the evolution of the universe in which a dense, hot state was
followed by expansion, cooling, and a less dense state - Answers :big bang model
How old is the universe? - Answers :14 billion years old
Evidence that the big bang took place: - Answers :expanding universe
Background radiation
The earth is _____ - characterized by constant change, activity, or progress - Answers
:dynamic
We study earth as a _____, everything is connected - Answers :system
A _____ is a combination of related parts that interact in an organized manner -
Answers :system
_____ explains how the solar system developed - Answers :solar nebula theory
How old is the solar system - Answers :4.6 billion years
How old is the earth? - Answers :4.6 billion years
1) condensation and collapse of gas and dust in and arm of the milky way galaxy
2)cloud of material formed a counter-clockwise rotating disk
3)material concentrated in center - formed the sun and surrounding solar nebula
4)rotation within the solar nebula formed localized eddies where material concentrated
into planetesimals that eventually formed planets - Answers :solar nebula theory
Small planets composed of rock and metallic elements that condensed at the high
temperatures of the inner nebula - Answers :terrestrial planets
Planets that have small rocky cores compared with their overall size and are composed
mostly of hydrogen, helium, ammonia, and methane, which condense at low
temperatures - Answers :jovian planets
-the _____ is the center of the earth
-has a _____ inner and a _____ outer
-makes up _____ of earths volume - Answers :-core
-solid; liquid
-16%
- surrounds the core
-_____ distinct zones
-makes up _____ of earths volume - Answers :-mantle
-three
-83%
-surrounds lower mantle
-behaves _____ (like a liquid) and flows _____
-surrounded by solid, upper _____ - Answers :-asthenosphere
-plastically, slowly
-mantle
,-the upper mantle, continental crust, and oceanic crust make up the _____
-broken into _____
-plates float on _____ - Answers :-lithosphere
-plates
-asthenosphere
Oceanic crust is _____ but _____ than continental crust - Answers :thinner but denser
Continental crust is thinnest in areas where there are _____ and thickest on _____
where they have the highest elevation - Answers :lowest elevation
Mountain ranges
What are convection cells? - Answers :the core releases heat from radioactive decay,
hot rock rises, cools the farther it gets from the core, cold rock sinks and the cycle
begins again
Movement of the plates is caused by _____ - Answers :convection in the mantle
The _____ is a pictorial representation of events leading to the origin, destruction or
changes, and reformation of rocks as a consequence of earths internal and surface
processes - Answers :the rock cycle
A _____ is an aggregate of _____ - Answers :rock
Minerals
_____ rocks result when magma or lava crystallizes or when volcanic ejecta accumulate
and consolidate - Answers :igneous
_____ rocks form at or near earths surface and are composed of sediments and form in
three ways - Answers :sedimetary
What are the 3 ways sedimentary rocks form? - Answers :consolidation of mineral or
rock fragments
Precipitation of mineral matter from solution
Compaction of plant or animal remains
_____ rocks result from the alteration of other rocks, usually beneath the surface, by
heat, pressure, and the chemical activity of fluids. Will be either foliated or nonfoliated -
Answers :metamorphic
The principal subsystems of earth are the _____, _____, _____, _____, _____, _____ -
Answers :atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, mantle, and core
_____ is defined as the study of the earth and includes the study of the planets and
moons in our solar system - Answers :geology
, What are the two divisions of geology? - Answers :physical and historical geology
_____ is the study of earth materials such as minerals and rocks, as well as the
processes operating within earth and on its surface - Answers :physical geology
_____ examines the origin and evolution of earth, its continents, oceans, atmosphere,
and life - Answers :historical geology
A _____ is a coherent explanation for one or more related natural phenomena
supported by a large body of objective evidence - Answers :theory
What are the steps to forming a theory? - Answers :define question, form hypothesis,
test hypothesis, analyze data, interpret data, publish results, retest
Can theories be proven wrong? - Answers :yes
Why study earth? - Answers :understanding how things work; predicting, controlling,
and avoiding geological hazards; advancement of civilization; protecting our
environment
How does geology affect our everyday lives? - Answers :natural events (disasters),
economics and politics, our role as decision makers (what we buy, how it was made,
where was it manufactured), consumers and citizens, sustainable development
What are some global geologic and environmental issues facing humankind? - Answers
:overpopulation, which leads people to live in areas where geological hazards are more
frequent, (the greatest environmental problem facing the world today) and global
warming
The _____ results in an increase in the temperature of earths surface and its
atmosphere thus producing _____ - Answers :greenhouse effect
Global warming
Are temperature changes in earths atmosphere normal or unusual? - Answers :normal;
have always occurred; not always steady
The _____ is a model for the evolution of the universe in which a dense, hot state was
followed by expansion, cooling, and a less dense state - Answers :big bang model
How old is the universe? - Answers :14 billion years old
Evidence that the big bang took place: - Answers :expanding universe
Background radiation
