ANCC FNP REVIEW FLASHCARD QUESTIONS EXAM WITH
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
special considerations for Thiazides - CORRECT-ANSWERSChlorthalidone is preferred
on the basis of prolonged half-life and proven trial reduction of CVD.
Monitor for hyponatremia and hypokalemia, monitor uric acid and calcium levels.
Use with caution in patients with history of acute gout unless patient is on uric acid-
lowering therapy.
special considerations for ACE inhibitors - CORRECT-ANSWERSDo not use in
combination with ARBs or direct renin inhibitor.
There is an increased risk of hyperkalemia, especially in patients with CKD or in those on
K+ supplements or K+-sparing drugs.
There is a risk of acute renal failure in patients with severe bilateral renal artery stenosis.
Do not use if patient has history of angioedema with ACE inhibitors.
ACE inhibitor cough is common, in 5 to 20 percent of patients, due to bradykinin
production.
, Avoid in pregnant females or females of reproductive age without adequate contraception
special considerations for Angiotensin receptor blockers - CORRECT-ANSWERSDo not
use in combination with ACE inhibitors or direct renin inhibitor.
There is an increased risk of hyperkalemia in CKD or in those on K+ supplements or K+-
sparing drugs.
There is a risk of acute renal failure in patients with severe bilateral renal artery stenosis.
Do not use if patient has history of angioedema with ARBs. Patients with a history of
angioedema with an ACE inhibitor can receive an ARB beginning 6 weeks after ACE
inhibitor is discontinued.
Avoid in pregnant females or females of reproductive age without adequate
contraception.
Lower risk of cough than ACE-Is.
special considerations for Calcium channel blockers - CORRECT-ANSWERSAssociated
with dose-related pedal edema, which is more common in females than men.
When should you Refer to a Nephrologist or Cardiologist in a hypertensive patient? -
CORRECT-ANSWERS-signs of end-organ damage
-evidence of a secondary cause of hypertension
-only on one to two medications
, Generally, failure to achieve blood pressure goal in patients who are adhering to full
doses of an appropriate three to four drug regimen that includes a diuretic may warrant
referral to a nephrologist or cardiologist
Before referring, clinicians should first review other causes of inadequate hypertension
control such as:
-Improper blood pressure measurement
-White coat hypertension
-Excess sodium intake
-Medication issues (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), illicit drugs,
sympathomimetics, oral contraceptives)
-Excess alcohol intake
-Underlying identifiable causes of hypertension (secondary hypertension)
A researcher is studying potential risk factors for obesity. She sends a questionnaire to
5000 patients who meet the CDC criteria for obesity that asks them about sedentary
lifestyle factors, consumption of processed food, and family history of obesity. The
researcher sends the same questionnaire to 5000 patients who are not obese. Which of the
following best describes the design of the study?
Cross-sectional study
Randomized controlled trial
Meta-analysis
, Case-control study - CORRECT-ANSWERSCorrect Answer: D. Case-control study
This is a retrospective case-control study. In this observational study design, subjects are
selected based on an outcome, and their prior exposures are assessed and compared to
subjects who do not have the particular outcome. The result of the study is expressed as
an odds ratio: OR = (# exposed with disease / # exposed without disease) / (# not exposed
with disease / # not exposed without disease). A retrospective case-control study does not
prove causation but demonstrates an association.
Incorrect
Answers:
A cross-sectional study is used to assess disease status and risk factors at 1 point in time.
A randomized controlled trial refers to a study where a group is given a treatment and
outcomes are compared against a control group given a placebo or treated with the
standard of care.
A meta-analysis provides a statistical analysis of the results of multiple studies.
Vital Concepts:
In an observational study design, subjects are selected based on an outcome, and their
prior exposures are assessed and compared to subjects who do not have a particular
outcome. The result of the study is expressed as an odds ratio: OR = (# exposed with
disease / # exposed without disease) / (# not exposed with disease / # not exposed without
disease). A retrospective case-control study does not prove causation but demonstrates an
association.
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 2025
special considerations for Thiazides - CORRECT-ANSWERSChlorthalidone is preferred
on the basis of prolonged half-life and proven trial reduction of CVD.
Monitor for hyponatremia and hypokalemia, monitor uric acid and calcium levels.
Use with caution in patients with history of acute gout unless patient is on uric acid-
lowering therapy.
special considerations for ACE inhibitors - CORRECT-ANSWERSDo not use in
combination with ARBs or direct renin inhibitor.
There is an increased risk of hyperkalemia, especially in patients with CKD or in those on
K+ supplements or K+-sparing drugs.
There is a risk of acute renal failure in patients with severe bilateral renal artery stenosis.
Do not use if patient has history of angioedema with ACE inhibitors.
ACE inhibitor cough is common, in 5 to 20 percent of patients, due to bradykinin
production.
, Avoid in pregnant females or females of reproductive age without adequate contraception
special considerations for Angiotensin receptor blockers - CORRECT-ANSWERSDo not
use in combination with ACE inhibitors or direct renin inhibitor.
There is an increased risk of hyperkalemia in CKD or in those on K+ supplements or K+-
sparing drugs.
There is a risk of acute renal failure in patients with severe bilateral renal artery stenosis.
Do not use if patient has history of angioedema with ARBs. Patients with a history of
angioedema with an ACE inhibitor can receive an ARB beginning 6 weeks after ACE
inhibitor is discontinued.
Avoid in pregnant females or females of reproductive age without adequate
contraception.
Lower risk of cough than ACE-Is.
special considerations for Calcium channel blockers - CORRECT-ANSWERSAssociated
with dose-related pedal edema, which is more common in females than men.
When should you Refer to a Nephrologist or Cardiologist in a hypertensive patient? -
CORRECT-ANSWERS-signs of end-organ damage
-evidence of a secondary cause of hypertension
-only on one to two medications
, Generally, failure to achieve blood pressure goal in patients who are adhering to full
doses of an appropriate three to four drug regimen that includes a diuretic may warrant
referral to a nephrologist or cardiologist
Before referring, clinicians should first review other causes of inadequate hypertension
control such as:
-Improper blood pressure measurement
-White coat hypertension
-Excess sodium intake
-Medication issues (e.g., nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), illicit drugs,
sympathomimetics, oral contraceptives)
-Excess alcohol intake
-Underlying identifiable causes of hypertension (secondary hypertension)
A researcher is studying potential risk factors for obesity. She sends a questionnaire to
5000 patients who meet the CDC criteria for obesity that asks them about sedentary
lifestyle factors, consumption of processed food, and family history of obesity. The
researcher sends the same questionnaire to 5000 patients who are not obese. Which of the
following best describes the design of the study?
Cross-sectional study
Randomized controlled trial
Meta-analysis
, Case-control study - CORRECT-ANSWERSCorrect Answer: D. Case-control study
This is a retrospective case-control study. In this observational study design, subjects are
selected based on an outcome, and their prior exposures are assessed and compared to
subjects who do not have the particular outcome. The result of the study is expressed as
an odds ratio: OR = (# exposed with disease / # exposed without disease) / (# not exposed
with disease / # not exposed without disease). A retrospective case-control study does not
prove causation but demonstrates an association.
Incorrect
Answers:
A cross-sectional study is used to assess disease status and risk factors at 1 point in time.
A randomized controlled trial refers to a study where a group is given a treatment and
outcomes are compared against a control group given a placebo or treated with the
standard of care.
A meta-analysis provides a statistical analysis of the results of multiple studies.
Vital Concepts:
In an observational study design, subjects are selected based on an outcome, and their
prior exposures are assessed and compared to subjects who do not have a particular
outcome. The result of the study is expressed as an odds ratio: OR = (# exposed with
disease / # exposed without disease) / (# not exposed with disease / # not exposed without
disease). A retrospective case-control study does not prove causation but demonstrates an
association.
