KIN 2236 Final Exam newest 2025 with 250 accurate
and verified questions covering biomechanics,
functional anatomy latest 2025
the achilles tendon - correct answerthe tendons of the gastrocnemius
and soleus fuse to become one tendon, about 5 to 6 cm proximal to the
calcaneal insertion, usually 50/50 form gastroc and soleus
-the thickest and strongest tendon in the body
-this tendon has no synovial sheath but is surrounded by paratendon,
which wraps around it and receives blood flow
-so it is a vascular tendon bc it is surrounded by paratenon
where is the retrocalcaneal bursa - correct answerthis is proximal to
the achilles tendon insertion to the calcaneus, between the tendon and
the calcaneus
-this can be pinched
what could the cause of posterior heel pain - correct answer-could be
achilles tendonitis, achilles bursitis, or retrocalcaneal bursitis
-we need to look exactly where the pain is
-true tendon pain is only directly on the tendon, not around it
Retrocalcaneal Bursitis - correct answerthis is a fluid filled sac that
stops the achilles tendon from rubbing across bone
-this bursa is between the anterior inferior side of the achilles tendon
and the posteriorsuperior aspect of the calcaneus
,-this is sometimes seen w insertional tendinopathy, so an issue w the
tendon causes bursa to get irritated
- structural irritants too so tight or pokey
-pain will be just above the insertion of achilles, but not directly on
tendon
-pain with squeeze from side and behind tendon
achilles bursitis (superficial calcaneal bursitis) - correct answer-aka
the subcutaneous bursa
-the bursa is located between the calcaneal prominence or achilles
tendon and the skin, so at bottom of achilles
-pain w posterior aspect of heel w solid swelling, so pain below achilles
-this is often due to excessive friction or by wearing shoes that are too
tight or too large
-there will be swelling, but wont be soft
management of an "itis" in posterior heel - correct answer-this is when
there is inflammation
-do POLICE/PEACE and LOVE
-address training and equipement issue
-we want to calm down swelling
-Heel lift takes pressure off achilles
-pad around pain w a donut so there is no pressure directly on bursda
-stretch achilles by stretching gastroc and soleus
what is tendinotis or paratendinitis in ankle - correct answer-tendinitis
is inflammation of tendon, this is pretty rare, from gastroc, soleus or
other muscle in ankle
-paratendonitis is inflammation, pain, and crepitattion of the paratendon
as it slides over the structure (creeking noise and feel)
,-this is a acute irritation, so too much too soon (increase FITT, not
enough rest)
what are the internal and external factors that contribute to tendonitis
and paratenonitis in ankle - correct answer-externla factors like rub
from shoe, running down hill (tibialis anterior bc has to pronate in
plantarflexion so added stress) ,rubbing form laces in tibilais anterior, ot
hyperdorsiflexion (achilles from running uphill)
-internal factors could be foot malalignment, so improper rub over bone,
cavus or flat/pronating feet
what are signs and symptoms of tendonitis or paratenonitis in ankle -
correct answer-there is pain and/or crepitation of paratenon of acute
onset
-red and hot over involved structure
-usually preciptated by movement around ankle movement that was too
much, too soon
-the diagnosis is made on the basis of local swelling
-look at STTT
-there will be pain on palpation only over the direct tendon
what is the usually rehab for ankle paratenonitis - correct
answerinflammatory phase: POLICE/PEACE and LOVE, use heel lift,
pad, support
-repair phase: heat to increase blood flow, idealize ROM, so stretch
gastroc and soleus
-start strength and proprioception ex as able, could also do balance
exercise
-address the training issues
-remodeling phase: idealize strength and do soft tissue work to realign
fibres
, -begin speed and power training
what is achilles tendinosis - correct answer-this is chronic pathological
changes brought by repetitive micro trauma
-inflammatory cells are absent
-characteristic changes in collagen fibre structure, so fibres start to fray
-abnormal (poor) vascularity, so not getting good blood flow
-usually in midportion of of achille
what is the normal cause of achilles tendinosis - correct answer-most
often pain on achilles is from tendinosis
-predisposing factors include:
-years of running
-excessive pronation, bc this causes increased load on gastroc and
soleus to resupinate, achilles gets twisted )
-poor flexibility
-training in cold climate since tissue is less flexible so more stress on it
-improper footwear
-may be brought about due to neglect of acute tendinitis
-worsens w increase in FITT and insufficient recovery
what is the normal diagnosis of achilles tendinosis - correct answer-
history of FITT, pain that is 2-7 cm from insertion on calcaneus
-there is some swelling and tenderness over large portion of tendon
-faulty biomechanics
-on STTT, both plantar and dorsiflexion cause pain and crepitus,
especially w loading
-nodules or bumps may be palpable
-also can see thickening of achilles bc it is frayed
and verified questions covering biomechanics,
functional anatomy latest 2025
the achilles tendon - correct answerthe tendons of the gastrocnemius
and soleus fuse to become one tendon, about 5 to 6 cm proximal to the
calcaneal insertion, usually 50/50 form gastroc and soleus
-the thickest and strongest tendon in the body
-this tendon has no synovial sheath but is surrounded by paratendon,
which wraps around it and receives blood flow
-so it is a vascular tendon bc it is surrounded by paratenon
where is the retrocalcaneal bursa - correct answerthis is proximal to
the achilles tendon insertion to the calcaneus, between the tendon and
the calcaneus
-this can be pinched
what could the cause of posterior heel pain - correct answer-could be
achilles tendonitis, achilles bursitis, or retrocalcaneal bursitis
-we need to look exactly where the pain is
-true tendon pain is only directly on the tendon, not around it
Retrocalcaneal Bursitis - correct answerthis is a fluid filled sac that
stops the achilles tendon from rubbing across bone
-this bursa is between the anterior inferior side of the achilles tendon
and the posteriorsuperior aspect of the calcaneus
,-this is sometimes seen w insertional tendinopathy, so an issue w the
tendon causes bursa to get irritated
- structural irritants too so tight or pokey
-pain will be just above the insertion of achilles, but not directly on
tendon
-pain with squeeze from side and behind tendon
achilles bursitis (superficial calcaneal bursitis) - correct answer-aka
the subcutaneous bursa
-the bursa is located between the calcaneal prominence or achilles
tendon and the skin, so at bottom of achilles
-pain w posterior aspect of heel w solid swelling, so pain below achilles
-this is often due to excessive friction or by wearing shoes that are too
tight or too large
-there will be swelling, but wont be soft
management of an "itis" in posterior heel - correct answer-this is when
there is inflammation
-do POLICE/PEACE and LOVE
-address training and equipement issue
-we want to calm down swelling
-Heel lift takes pressure off achilles
-pad around pain w a donut so there is no pressure directly on bursda
-stretch achilles by stretching gastroc and soleus
what is tendinotis or paratendinitis in ankle - correct answer-tendinitis
is inflammation of tendon, this is pretty rare, from gastroc, soleus or
other muscle in ankle
-paratendonitis is inflammation, pain, and crepitattion of the paratendon
as it slides over the structure (creeking noise and feel)
,-this is a acute irritation, so too much too soon (increase FITT, not
enough rest)
what are the internal and external factors that contribute to tendonitis
and paratenonitis in ankle - correct answer-externla factors like rub
from shoe, running down hill (tibialis anterior bc has to pronate in
plantarflexion so added stress) ,rubbing form laces in tibilais anterior, ot
hyperdorsiflexion (achilles from running uphill)
-internal factors could be foot malalignment, so improper rub over bone,
cavus or flat/pronating feet
what are signs and symptoms of tendonitis or paratenonitis in ankle -
correct answer-there is pain and/or crepitation of paratenon of acute
onset
-red and hot over involved structure
-usually preciptated by movement around ankle movement that was too
much, too soon
-the diagnosis is made on the basis of local swelling
-look at STTT
-there will be pain on palpation only over the direct tendon
what is the usually rehab for ankle paratenonitis - correct
answerinflammatory phase: POLICE/PEACE and LOVE, use heel lift,
pad, support
-repair phase: heat to increase blood flow, idealize ROM, so stretch
gastroc and soleus
-start strength and proprioception ex as able, could also do balance
exercise
-address the training issues
-remodeling phase: idealize strength and do soft tissue work to realign
fibres
, -begin speed and power training
what is achilles tendinosis - correct answer-this is chronic pathological
changes brought by repetitive micro trauma
-inflammatory cells are absent
-characteristic changes in collagen fibre structure, so fibres start to fray
-abnormal (poor) vascularity, so not getting good blood flow
-usually in midportion of of achille
what is the normal cause of achilles tendinosis - correct answer-most
often pain on achilles is from tendinosis
-predisposing factors include:
-years of running
-excessive pronation, bc this causes increased load on gastroc and
soleus to resupinate, achilles gets twisted )
-poor flexibility
-training in cold climate since tissue is less flexible so more stress on it
-improper footwear
-may be brought about due to neglect of acute tendinitis
-worsens w increase in FITT and insufficient recovery
what is the normal diagnosis of achilles tendinosis - correct answer-
history of FITT, pain that is 2-7 cm from insertion on calcaneus
-there is some swelling and tenderness over large portion of tendon
-faulty biomechanics
-on STTT, both plantar and dorsiflexion cause pain and crepitus,
especially w loading
-nodules or bumps may be palpable
-also can see thickening of achilles bc it is frayed
