BIOL 2230 EXAM 1 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
x x x x x x
2025/2026| 100% CORRECT VERIFIED
x x x x
ANSWERS
x
x
Who xwas xthe xfirst xto xsee xmicroorganisms? xHow? xWhen? x- xAnton xLeeuwenhoek, xwith
xthe x
x
lens xhe xgrinded,
x1674
x
Who xdeveloped xthe xgerm xtheory xof xdisease? x- xPasteur x& xKock x
x
What xare xthe xvarious xtypes xof xmicroorganisms? x- xBacteria, xEukarya, xand xArchaea x
x
What xare xprokaryotes xand xeukaryotes? x- xProkaryotes x- xno xnucleus xor
xinternal x
x
membranes xEukaryotes x- xhave xnucleus xand xinternal
xmembranes
x
What xare xbacteria xand xarchaeans? x- xBacteria x- xdomain xof xprokaryotic xorganisms,
xcharacterized xby xpeptidoglycan xcell xwalls xArchaeans x- xdomain xof xprokaryotic xcells
xlacking xpeptidoglycan; xone xof xthe xthree xdomains x
x
What xare xviruses, xviroids, xand xprions? x- xViruses x- xa xsubmicroscopic, xparasitic,
xfilterable xagent xconsisting xof xa xnucleic xacid xsurrounded xby xa xprotein xcoat xViroids x-
xinfectious xRNA xPrions x- xan xinfectious xagent xconsisting xof xa xself-replicating xprotein,
xwith xno xdetectable xnucleic xacid x
x
How xare xmicroorganisms xnamed xand xclassified? x- xBinomial xNaming xSystem x
x
What xroles xdo xmicroorganisms xplay xin xthe xenvironment, xfood xproduction, xand
xbiotechnology? x- xEnvironment x- xoxygen xproduction xvia xphotosynthesis,
xdecomposition x
Food xProduction x- xfermentation xand xpasteurization, xbeer, xwine, xcheese, xyogurt,
xbread xBiotechnology x- xgenetic xengineering x
x
What ximpacts xhave xmicroorganisms xhad xon xhistory? x- xThe xPlague, xCortez xConquers
xthe x
x
Aztecs x(Spaniards xbrought xsmallpox xover xto xthe xnew xworld xand xkilled xall xof xthe
xAztecs
x
with xinfection), xCivil xWar
x(infection)
x
When xwas xthe x"Golden xAge xof xMicrobiology"? x- x1857-1914, x50 xyear xperiod x(mid
x1800's x
x
to xearly
x1900's)
x
, What xquestions xdid xscientists xattempt xto xanswer? x- x1) xDoes xlife x arise
xspontaneously? x2) x
x
What xcauses xfermentation? x3) xWhat xcauses xdisease? x4) xHow xcan xdisease
xbe
x
treated/prevented?
x
What xis xthe xtheory xof xspontaneous xgeneration? x- xThe xidea xthat xlife xcould xarise xfrom
xnothing. xThe xidea xthat xtoads, xsnakes, xand xmice xcould xbe xborn xof xmoist xsoil; xthat
xflies xcould xemerge xfrom xmanure; xand xthat xmaggots xcould xarise xfrom xdecaying
xcorpse. x
x
Who xcontributed xto xdisproving xspontaneous xgeneration? x- xRedi, xSpallanzani,
xand x
x
Pasteur
x
What xis xfermentation? x- xThe xenzymatic xdegradation xof xcarbohydrates xin xwhich xthe
xfinal x
electron xacceptor xis xan xorganic xmolecule, xATP xis xsynthesized xby xsubstrate-l x
leve
x
phosphorylation, xand xO2 xis xnot xrequired, xthe xprocess xby xwhich xsugar xis xturned
xinto
x
alcohol
x
What xdid xPasteur xlearn xabout xfermentation? x- xHe xfound xthat xyeast xconverts xthe
xsugars x
x
into xalcohol xin xthe xabsence xof
xair
x
What xwas xBuchner's xcontribution? x- xHe xrepeated xPasteur's xexperiments xand xused
xyeast, x
x
discovered
xenzymes
x
What xwere xhistorically xthought xto xbe xcauses xof xdisease? x- xGod's xwrath xfor xsin, xSatan
xand x
x
evil xspirits, xfoul xvapors, xand ximbalance xof
xfluids
x
Who xdeveloped xthe xgerm xtheory xof xdisease? x- xLouis xPasteur x
x
What xcontributions xdid xKoch xmake xto xmicrobiology? x- xHe xdiscovered xthe
xcause xof x
x
anthrax
x
How xdid xhumans xbegin xto xcombat xmicroorganisms? x- xHandwashing,
xgeneral x
x
cleanliness, xsterile xsurgery, xantibiotics, xand
xvaccines
x x x x x x
2025/2026| 100% CORRECT VERIFIED
x x x x
ANSWERS
x
x
Who xwas xthe xfirst xto xsee xmicroorganisms? xHow? xWhen? x- xAnton xLeeuwenhoek, xwith
xthe x
x
lens xhe xgrinded,
x1674
x
Who xdeveloped xthe xgerm xtheory xof xdisease? x- xPasteur x& xKock x
x
What xare xthe xvarious xtypes xof xmicroorganisms? x- xBacteria, xEukarya, xand xArchaea x
x
What xare xprokaryotes xand xeukaryotes? x- xProkaryotes x- xno xnucleus xor
xinternal x
x
membranes xEukaryotes x- xhave xnucleus xand xinternal
xmembranes
x
What xare xbacteria xand xarchaeans? x- xBacteria x- xdomain xof xprokaryotic xorganisms,
xcharacterized xby xpeptidoglycan xcell xwalls xArchaeans x- xdomain xof xprokaryotic xcells
xlacking xpeptidoglycan; xone xof xthe xthree xdomains x
x
What xare xviruses, xviroids, xand xprions? x- xViruses x- xa xsubmicroscopic, xparasitic,
xfilterable xagent xconsisting xof xa xnucleic xacid xsurrounded xby xa xprotein xcoat xViroids x-
xinfectious xRNA xPrions x- xan xinfectious xagent xconsisting xof xa xself-replicating xprotein,
xwith xno xdetectable xnucleic xacid x
x
How xare xmicroorganisms xnamed xand xclassified? x- xBinomial xNaming xSystem x
x
What xroles xdo xmicroorganisms xplay xin xthe xenvironment, xfood xproduction, xand
xbiotechnology? x- xEnvironment x- xoxygen xproduction xvia xphotosynthesis,
xdecomposition x
Food xProduction x- xfermentation xand xpasteurization, xbeer, xwine, xcheese, xyogurt,
xbread xBiotechnology x- xgenetic xengineering x
x
What ximpacts xhave xmicroorganisms xhad xon xhistory? x- xThe xPlague, xCortez xConquers
xthe x
x
Aztecs x(Spaniards xbrought xsmallpox xover xto xthe xnew xworld xand xkilled xall xof xthe
xAztecs
x
with xinfection), xCivil xWar
x(infection)
x
When xwas xthe x"Golden xAge xof xMicrobiology"? x- x1857-1914, x50 xyear xperiod x(mid
x1800's x
x
to xearly
x1900's)
x
, What xquestions xdid xscientists xattempt xto xanswer? x- x1) xDoes xlife x arise
xspontaneously? x2) x
x
What xcauses xfermentation? x3) xWhat xcauses xdisease? x4) xHow xcan xdisease
xbe
x
treated/prevented?
x
What xis xthe xtheory xof xspontaneous xgeneration? x- xThe xidea xthat xlife xcould xarise xfrom
xnothing. xThe xidea xthat xtoads, xsnakes, xand xmice xcould xbe xborn xof xmoist xsoil; xthat
xflies xcould xemerge xfrom xmanure; xand xthat xmaggots xcould xarise xfrom xdecaying
xcorpse. x
x
Who xcontributed xto xdisproving xspontaneous xgeneration? x- xRedi, xSpallanzani,
xand x
x
Pasteur
x
What xis xfermentation? x- xThe xenzymatic xdegradation xof xcarbohydrates xin xwhich xthe
xfinal x
electron xacceptor xis xan xorganic xmolecule, xATP xis xsynthesized xby xsubstrate-l x
leve
x
phosphorylation, xand xO2 xis xnot xrequired, xthe xprocess xby xwhich xsugar xis xturned
xinto
x
alcohol
x
What xdid xPasteur xlearn xabout xfermentation? x- xHe xfound xthat xyeast xconverts xthe
xsugars x
x
into xalcohol xin xthe xabsence xof
xair
x
What xwas xBuchner's xcontribution? x- xHe xrepeated xPasteur's xexperiments xand xused
xyeast, x
x
discovered
xenzymes
x
What xwere xhistorically xthought xto xbe xcauses xof xdisease? x- xGod's xwrath xfor xsin, xSatan
xand x
x
evil xspirits, xfoul xvapors, xand ximbalance xof
xfluids
x
Who xdeveloped xthe xgerm xtheory xof xdisease? x- xLouis xPasteur x
x
What xcontributions xdid xKoch xmake xto xmicrobiology? x- xHe xdiscovered xthe
xcause xof x
x
anthrax
x
How xdid xhumans xbegin xto xcombat xmicroorganisms? x- xHandwashing,
xgeneral x
x
cleanliness, xsterile xsurgery, xantibiotics, xand
xvaccines
