BIOL 2230 EXAM 3 QUESTIONS AND
x x x x x x
A LEVEL ANSWERS x x x
x
What xare xpathology, xetiology, xand xpathogenesis? x- xPathology x- xthe xstudy xof
xdisease
x
Etiology x- xthe xcause xof
xdisease
x
Pathogenesis x- xstudying xthe xprocess xof
xdisease
x
How xdoes xthe xterm xdisease xdiffer xfrom xinfection? x- xDisease x- xmovement xof xthe
xbody x
x
away xfrom xa xstate xof
x"health"
x
Infection x- xcolonization xof xthe xbody xby
xmicroorganisms
x
What xare xthe xthree xtypes xof xsymbiosis? x- x1) xMutualism x(+/+) x→ xEx. xE.
xColi
x x
2) xCommensalism x(+/0) x→ xEx. xCandida
xalbicans
x
3) xParasitism x(+/-) x→ xEx. xVibrio
xcholera
x
What xis xnormal xflora? xExamples? x- xMicroorganism xin/on xthe xbody xat xall
xtimes, x
x
500 xto x5,000 xspecies xat xall
xtimes
x
Ex. xStaphylococcus xepidermidis, xLactobacillus xacidophilus, xE. xColi x
x
What xis xmicrobial xantagonism? xExamples? x- x"Good xbacteria," xnormal
xflora, x
x
inhibit/prevent xgrowth xof
xpathogens
x
1) xOut xCompete: xS.
xepidermidis
x
2) xChange xin xEnvironment: xL.
xacidophilus
x
3) xBacteriocins: xinhibits xbacterial xgrowth, xE.
xColi
x
How xis xnormal xflora xacquired? x- xL. xacidophilus x- xvaginal
xbirth x
, x x
S. xepidermidis x-
xnursing
x
E. xColi x- xcontaminated xfood,
xitems
x
What xare xopportunistic xpathogens? xExamples? x- xNormal xflora xthat xcan xcause
xdisease xin x
x x
other xlocations xof xthe
xbody
x
Ex. xE. xColi x→ xUTI, xwound, xlungs,
xCSF x
x
xS. xaureus x→ xUTI,
xwound
x
What xare xprobiotics? xExamples? x- xIntentional xingestion xof x"good" xbacteria xto
xantagonize x
x x
"bad"
xbacteria
x
Ex. xYogurt, xFecal xTransplant x
x
What xare xKoch's xpostulates? x- xMethod xused xto xidentify xthe xetiological xcause
xof xan x
x
infectious
xdisease
x
What xare xsome xlimitations xto xKoch's xpostulates? x- x1) xSome xdisease xhave
xmultiple x
x
causes
x
2) Some xbacteria xonly xcause xdisease xin xcertain xhosts x
x
3) Some xmicrobes xcannot xbe xpure xcultured x
x
4) Ethical xconcerns x
x
What xare xsymptoms xand xsigns? xExamples? x- xSymptoms x- xa xchange xin xbody
xfunction x
x
that xis xfelt xby xa xpatient xas xa xresult xof xa
xdisease
x
Signs x- xa xchange xdue xto xa xdisease xthat xa xperson xcan xobserve xand xmeasure x
x
What xare xmeant xby xthe xterms xcommunicable, xcontagious, xand x non-
communicable? x-
x
Communicable x- xany xdisease xthat xcan xbe xspread xfrom xone xhost xto
xanother
x
Contagious x- xa xdisease xthat xis xeasily xspread xfrom xone xperson xto xanother x
x
x x x x x x
A LEVEL ANSWERS x x x
x
What xare xpathology, xetiology, xand xpathogenesis? x- xPathology x- xthe xstudy xof
xdisease
x
Etiology x- xthe xcause xof
xdisease
x
Pathogenesis x- xstudying xthe xprocess xof
xdisease
x
How xdoes xthe xterm xdisease xdiffer xfrom xinfection? x- xDisease x- xmovement xof xthe
xbody x
x
away xfrom xa xstate xof
x"health"
x
Infection x- xcolonization xof xthe xbody xby
xmicroorganisms
x
What xare xthe xthree xtypes xof xsymbiosis? x- x1) xMutualism x(+/+) x→ xEx. xE.
xColi
x x
2) xCommensalism x(+/0) x→ xEx. xCandida
xalbicans
x
3) xParasitism x(+/-) x→ xEx. xVibrio
xcholera
x
What xis xnormal xflora? xExamples? x- xMicroorganism xin/on xthe xbody xat xall
xtimes, x
x
500 xto x5,000 xspecies xat xall
xtimes
x
Ex. xStaphylococcus xepidermidis, xLactobacillus xacidophilus, xE. xColi x
x
What xis xmicrobial xantagonism? xExamples? x- x"Good xbacteria," xnormal
xflora, x
x
inhibit/prevent xgrowth xof
xpathogens
x
1) xOut xCompete: xS.
xepidermidis
x
2) xChange xin xEnvironment: xL.
xacidophilus
x
3) xBacteriocins: xinhibits xbacterial xgrowth, xE.
xColi
x
How xis xnormal xflora xacquired? x- xL. xacidophilus x- xvaginal
xbirth x
, x x
S. xepidermidis x-
xnursing
x
E. xColi x- xcontaminated xfood,
xitems
x
What xare xopportunistic xpathogens? xExamples? x- xNormal xflora xthat xcan xcause
xdisease xin x
x x
other xlocations xof xthe
xbody
x
Ex. xE. xColi x→ xUTI, xwound, xlungs,
xCSF x
x
xS. xaureus x→ xUTI,
xwound
x
What xare xprobiotics? xExamples? x- xIntentional xingestion xof x"good" xbacteria xto
xantagonize x
x x
"bad"
xbacteria
x
Ex. xYogurt, xFecal xTransplant x
x
What xare xKoch's xpostulates? x- xMethod xused xto xidentify xthe xetiological xcause
xof xan x
x
infectious
xdisease
x
What xare xsome xlimitations xto xKoch's xpostulates? x- x1) xSome xdisease xhave
xmultiple x
x
causes
x
2) Some xbacteria xonly xcause xdisease xin xcertain xhosts x
x
3) Some xmicrobes xcannot xbe xpure xcultured x
x
4) Ethical xconcerns x
x
What xare xsymptoms xand xsigns? xExamples? x- xSymptoms x- xa xchange xin xbody
xfunction x
x
that xis xfelt xby xa xpatient xas xa xresult xof xa
xdisease
x
Signs x- xa xchange xdue xto xa xdisease xthat xa xperson xcan xobserve xand xmeasure x
x
What xare xmeant xby xthe xterms xcommunicable, xcontagious, xand x non-
communicable? x-
x
Communicable x- xany xdisease xthat xcan xbe xspread xfrom xone xhost xto
xanother
x
Contagious x- xa xdisease xthat xis xeasily xspread xfrom xone xperson xto xanother x
x
