Solid State
Types of Solids: Crystalline (ordered, sharp melting point) & Amorphous (irregular, soft
range of melting).
Unit Cell: Smallest repeating unit. Types: Simple Cubic, Body-Centered Cubic (BCC), Face-
Centered Cubic (FCC).
Packing Efficiency: Space occupied in crystal lattice (SCC: 52%, BCC: 68%, FCC: 74%).
Density Formula: Density = (z × M) / (a³ × Nₐ) where z = atoms/unit cell.
Defects in Solids: Stoichiometric (vacancy, interstitial) and Non-stoichiometric (metal
excess/deficiency).
Electrical Properties: Conductors, semiconductors (intrinsic & extrinsic), insulators.
,Solutions
Types: Solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, gas-liquid solutions.
Concentration Units: Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction.
Raoult's Law: Partial vapor pressure of component is proportional to mole fraction.
Colligative Properties: Lowering of vapor pressure, Boiling point elevation, Freezing point
depression, Osmotic pressure.
Abnormal Molar Mass: Due to association/dissociation of solute.
, Electrochemistry
Electrochemical Cells: Galvanic cells produce electricity from redox reactions.
Nernst Equation: Ecell = E°cell - (0.0591/n) log Q.
Conductance: Specific (κ), Molar (Λm), and Equivalent conductance.
Electrolytic Cells: Electrolysis with Faraday’s laws.
Batteries: Primary (non-rechargeable), Secondary (rechargeable), e.g., Lead-acid battery.
Types of Solids: Crystalline (ordered, sharp melting point) & Amorphous (irregular, soft
range of melting).
Unit Cell: Smallest repeating unit. Types: Simple Cubic, Body-Centered Cubic (BCC), Face-
Centered Cubic (FCC).
Packing Efficiency: Space occupied in crystal lattice (SCC: 52%, BCC: 68%, FCC: 74%).
Density Formula: Density = (z × M) / (a³ × Nₐ) where z = atoms/unit cell.
Defects in Solids: Stoichiometric (vacancy, interstitial) and Non-stoichiometric (metal
excess/deficiency).
Electrical Properties: Conductors, semiconductors (intrinsic & extrinsic), insulators.
,Solutions
Types: Solid-liquid, liquid-liquid, gas-liquid solutions.
Concentration Units: Molarity, Molality, Mole Fraction.
Raoult's Law: Partial vapor pressure of component is proportional to mole fraction.
Colligative Properties: Lowering of vapor pressure, Boiling point elevation, Freezing point
depression, Osmotic pressure.
Abnormal Molar Mass: Due to association/dissociation of solute.
, Electrochemistry
Electrochemical Cells: Galvanic cells produce electricity from redox reactions.
Nernst Equation: Ecell = E°cell - (0.0591/n) log Q.
Conductance: Specific (κ), Molar (Λm), and Equivalent conductance.
Electrolytic Cells: Electrolysis with Faraday’s laws.
Batteries: Primary (non-rechargeable), Secondary (rechargeable), e.g., Lead-acid battery.
