, The Norton Introduction to
P h i los o p h y
Second Edition
GIDEON ROSEN
Princeton University
ALEX BYRNE
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOSHUA COHEN
Apple University; University of California, Berkeley
ELIZABETH HARMAN
Princeton University
SEANA SHIFFRIN
University of California, Los Angeles
B
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
New York • London
,W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder
Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult
education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond
the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury,
the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were firmly
established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and
today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles
published each year—W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house
owned wholly by its employees.
Copyright © 2018, 2015 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Editor: Ken Barton
Assistant Editor: Shannon Jilek
Project Editor: Sujin Hong
Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi
Production Manager: Eric Pier-Hocking
Media Editor: Erica Wnek
Media Assistant Editor: Ava Bramson
Marketing Manager, Philosophy: Michael Moss
Design Director: Hope Miller Goodell
Permissions Associate: Elizabeth Trammell
Permissions Manager: Megan Schindel
Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services
Manufacturing: LSC Communications—Crawfordsville
Permission to use copyrighted material is included in the Credits.
ISBN 978-0-393-62442-7
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS
1234567890
, Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxii
Getting Started xxvii
Why Philosophy? Five Views xxvii
A Brief Guide to Logic and Argumentation xxxiii
Some Guidelines for Writing Philosophy Papers Ii
PART I PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
1 Does God Exist? 3
A N S EL M O F C A N T ER B U RY, The Ontological Argument, from Proslogion 8
Test Your Understanding 9
Reader’s Guide: Anselm’s Ontological Argument 9
Notes and Questions 12
T H O M A S AQ U I N A S , The Five Ways, from Summa Theologica 13
Test Your Understanding 15
Reader’s Guide: Aquinas’s Cosmological Arguments 15
Notes and Questions 18
W I L L I A M PA L E Y, The Argument from Design, from Natural Theology 20
Test Your Understanding 27
Notes and Questions 27
RO G ER W H IT E, The Argument from Cosmological Fine-Tuning 29
Test Your Understanding 35
Notes and Questions 36
iii
P h i los o p h y
Second Edition
GIDEON ROSEN
Princeton University
ALEX BYRNE
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
JOSHUA COHEN
Apple University; University of California, Berkeley
ELIZABETH HARMAN
Princeton University
SEANA SHIFFRIN
University of California, Los Angeles
B
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
New York • London
,W. W. Norton & Company has been independent since its founding in 1923, when William Warder
Norton and Mary D. Herter Norton first published lectures delivered at the People’s Institute, the adult
education division of New York City’s Cooper Union. The firm soon expanded its program beyond
the Institute, publishing books by celebrated academics from America and abroad. By midcentury,
the two major pillars of Norton’s publishing program—trade books and college texts—were firmly
established. In the 1950s, the Norton family transferred control of the company to its employees, and
today—with a staff of four hundred and a comparable number of trade, college, and professional titles
published each year—W. W. Norton & Company stands as the largest and oldest publishing house
owned wholly by its employees.
Copyright © 2018, 2015 by W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Editor: Ken Barton
Assistant Editor: Shannon Jilek
Project Editor: Sujin Hong
Managing Editor, College Digital Media: Kim Yi
Production Manager: Eric Pier-Hocking
Media Editor: Erica Wnek
Media Assistant Editor: Ava Bramson
Marketing Manager, Philosophy: Michael Moss
Design Director: Hope Miller Goodell
Permissions Associate: Elizabeth Trammell
Permissions Manager: Megan Schindel
Composition: S4Carlisle Publishing Services
Manufacturing: LSC Communications—Crawfordsville
Permission to use copyrighted material is included in the Credits.
ISBN 978-0-393-62442-7
W. W. Norton & Company, Inc., 500 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10110
wwnorton.com
W. W. Norton & Company Ltd., 15 Carlisle Street, London W1D 3BS
1234567890
, Contents
Preface xvii
Acknowledgments xxii
Getting Started xxvii
Why Philosophy? Five Views xxvii
A Brief Guide to Logic and Argumentation xxxiii
Some Guidelines for Writing Philosophy Papers Ii
PART I PHILOSOPHY OF RELIGION
1 Does God Exist? 3
A N S EL M O F C A N T ER B U RY, The Ontological Argument, from Proslogion 8
Test Your Understanding 9
Reader’s Guide: Anselm’s Ontological Argument 9
Notes and Questions 12
T H O M A S AQ U I N A S , The Five Ways, from Summa Theologica 13
Test Your Understanding 15
Reader’s Guide: Aquinas’s Cosmological Arguments 15
Notes and Questions 18
W I L L I A M PA L E Y, The Argument from Design, from Natural Theology 20
Test Your Understanding 27
Notes and Questions 27
RO G ER W H IT E, The Argument from Cosmological Fine-Tuning 29
Test Your Understanding 35
Notes and Questions 36
iii
