BIOL340 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Cumulave through test 3: 1/3 of total points
Quizzes 1-7 provide the content that will be tested and very similar questions, but may not be exact questions
or exact answers.
Material since test 3: 2/3 of total points
Chapter 16:
The three cytoskeletal elements: structure, units, function ( table 18-1 of cytoskeleton ppt)
- Categorized based on DIAMETER
1. Microfilaments
a. Thinnest and form solid tubes
b. Red
c. Universal building block = protein ACTIN binds to ATP
i. Is an ATPase
ii. Polymerization
iii. Enzymatic activity
d. Tend to start their structure from hundreds of diff sites
e. Highly dynamic – even if structure is there, its components are constantly being recycled
f. Polarized – has directionality
g. Tracks for MYOSINS = motor proteins, associate with cytoskeleton and provide molecular movements
i. Create contractile machinery
1. Flagellar – beating, contraction
2. Cytokinesis – division of plasma membrane
2. Microtubules
a. Thickest and form hollow tubules
b. Green
c. Universal building block = protein alpha-beta TUBULIN – heterodimer of tubulin (2 slightly diff forms)
i. Binds GTP and hydrolyzes
ii. Enzymatic activity
d. Tend to start their structures in limited number and close to the nucleus
e. Highly dynamic - even if structure is there, its components are constantly being recycled
f. Polarized – has directionality
g. Tracks for KINESINS and DYEINS = motor protein, associate with cytoskeleton and provide molecular
movements
i. Transport of organelles or vesicles
1. Moving things on “tracks”, moving cargos
, h. Specific drugs TAXOL – binds and stabilizes microtubules
3. Intermediate filaments – MOST STABLE
a. Intermediate referring to the width
b. Blue
c. No universal building block
i. Different in different cell types
ii. Don’t bind a nucleotide and has no enzyme activity
iii. Coming together as proteins forming bigger and bigger structure
iv. Polymerizing based on reaching lowest state of free energy MOST STABLE with longer and
longer fibers
d. Stable and build as new stuff is generated without requiring energy can increase in size
e. Less dynamic
f. Unpolarized
g. NO MOTOR molecules associated
i. Cell and tissue integrity
h. Since subunits are diff in diff cell types the structure depends on the BUNDLING and TWISTING of coiled-
coils interactions
i. Proteins that are long forming long alpha helices associate with each other by forming coiled
coils around each other (i.e collagen, snares)
i. i.e KERATINS
j. Normal vs. Truncated
i. Missing N and C terminal ends blistering of skin in mice
k. No drug identified that affect intermediate filaments yet
Dynamic structures vs stable structures
1. Dynamic
a. Dividing fibroblast
i. In transient fashion doing mitosis, when its dividing the actin polymerization disassembles and
reassembles
b. How do they know?
i. Dynamic changes are a RESPONSE to a signal
ii. Changes in cytoskeleton in signal transduction response
2. Stable
a. Microvilli cells
b. Axons
Basic concept of Dynamic instability and treadmilling
- Two behaviors observed in cytoskeletal polymers
- Both associated with nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis
1. Dynamic instability
a. More common in microtubules
Cumulave through test 3: 1/3 of total points
Quizzes 1-7 provide the content that will be tested and very similar questions, but may not be exact questions
or exact answers.
Material since test 3: 2/3 of total points
Chapter 16:
The three cytoskeletal elements: structure, units, function ( table 18-1 of cytoskeleton ppt)
- Categorized based on DIAMETER
1. Microfilaments
a. Thinnest and form solid tubes
b. Red
c. Universal building block = protein ACTIN binds to ATP
i. Is an ATPase
ii. Polymerization
iii. Enzymatic activity
d. Tend to start their structure from hundreds of diff sites
e. Highly dynamic – even if structure is there, its components are constantly being recycled
f. Polarized – has directionality
g. Tracks for MYOSINS = motor proteins, associate with cytoskeleton and provide molecular movements
i. Create contractile machinery
1. Flagellar – beating, contraction
2. Cytokinesis – division of plasma membrane
2. Microtubules
a. Thickest and form hollow tubules
b. Green
c. Universal building block = protein alpha-beta TUBULIN – heterodimer of tubulin (2 slightly diff forms)
i. Binds GTP and hydrolyzes
ii. Enzymatic activity
d. Tend to start their structures in limited number and close to the nucleus
e. Highly dynamic - even if structure is there, its components are constantly being recycled
f. Polarized – has directionality
g. Tracks for KINESINS and DYEINS = motor protein, associate with cytoskeleton and provide molecular
movements
i. Transport of organelles or vesicles
1. Moving things on “tracks”, moving cargos
, h. Specific drugs TAXOL – binds and stabilizes microtubules
3. Intermediate filaments – MOST STABLE
a. Intermediate referring to the width
b. Blue
c. No universal building block
i. Different in different cell types
ii. Don’t bind a nucleotide and has no enzyme activity
iii. Coming together as proteins forming bigger and bigger structure
iv. Polymerizing based on reaching lowest state of free energy MOST STABLE with longer and
longer fibers
d. Stable and build as new stuff is generated without requiring energy can increase in size
e. Less dynamic
f. Unpolarized
g. NO MOTOR molecules associated
i. Cell and tissue integrity
h. Since subunits are diff in diff cell types the structure depends on the BUNDLING and TWISTING of coiled-
coils interactions
i. Proteins that are long forming long alpha helices associate with each other by forming coiled
coils around each other (i.e collagen, snares)
i. i.e KERATINS
j. Normal vs. Truncated
i. Missing N and C terminal ends blistering of skin in mice
k. No drug identified that affect intermediate filaments yet
Dynamic structures vs stable structures
1. Dynamic
a. Dividing fibroblast
i. In transient fashion doing mitosis, when its dividing the actin polymerization disassembles and
reassembles
b. How do they know?
i. Dynamic changes are a RESPONSE to a signal
ii. Changes in cytoskeleton in signal transduction response
2. Stable
a. Microvilli cells
b. Axons
Basic concept of Dynamic instability and treadmilling
- Two behaviors observed in cytoskeletal polymers
- Both associated with nucleoside triphosphate hydrolysis
1. Dynamic instability
a. More common in microtubules
