PSY 470 Exam 1 Questions And Correct Verified Answers Guaranteed Success.

Abnormal Psychology - correct answer the study of people who suffer mental, emotional, and often physical pain as a result of some form of psychological or mental disorder, often referred to as psychopathology 4 D's of Abnormality - correct answer dysfunction: ability to live regularly distress: emotional/physical pain to self or others deviance: unusual within the society dangerousness: behaviors that threaten harm to self or others Cultural relativism - correct answer the view that there are no universal standards or rules for labeling a behavior abnormal; instead, behaviors can be labeled abnormal only relative to cultural norms there should be no universal standards 3 Primary Theories of Abnormal Behavior - correct answer Biological Theory Supernatural Theory Psychological Theory Biological Theory - correct answer View abnormal behavior as similar to physical diseases, caused by the breakdown of systems in the body. Treatment involves the restoration of bodily health Supernatural Theory - correct answer View abnormal behavior as a result of divine intervention, curses, demonic possession, and personal sin. Treatment involves religious rituals, exorcisms, confessions, and atonement Psychological Theory - correct answer View abnormal behavior as a result of traumas, such as bereavement, or of chronic stress. Treatment involves relaxation, rest, and a change of environment Ancient Theories: Evil Spirits - correct answer Typical treatment is exorcism One treatment may have been trephination, the drilling of holes in the skull to allow spirits to depart Ancient Theories: China - correct answer Based on the concept of yin (negative force) and yang (positive source) Imbalance may result in illness, including insanity Emotions are controlled by vital air flowing on internal organs Evil winds and ghosts bewitched people (influenced by rise of Taoism and Buddhism) Ancient Theories: Egypt, Greece, and Rome - correct answer Disorders would leave people with unexplainable pains, sadness, and apathy about life Disorders only occurred in women due to a wandering uterus, interfering with other organs Greeks named the wandering uterus hysteria Egypt treated the wandering uterus with strong-smelling substances Most Greeks and Romans saw abnormal behavior as an affliction from the gods, so they had healing ceremonies in temples Greek physicians like Hippocrates rejected supernatural explanations Hippocrates claimed the body had four humors: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile; abnormality is caused by imbalance Hippocrates had 4 categories of abnormal behavior: epilepsy, mania, melancholia, and brain fever There were no Greek asylums or institutions but the state could take away rights from insane people Medieval Views: Witchcraft - correct answer Began in 11th century and had height during Renaissance; due to the power of Catholic Church Many accused witches confessed; some think they were mentally ill while others think torture was involved Many made distinctions between madness and witchcraft Medieval Views: Psychic Epidemics - correct answer Phenomenon where many people engage in unusual behaviors that seem to have a psychological origin Dance frenzies: caused by the devil; one man danced himself to death Tarantism: sudden development of acute pain attributed to tarantula bite; resulted in erratic behavior such as wild dancing, tearing clothes, whipping others, and rolling on the ground; from possession of the devil; may have been remnants of ancient worship rituals Modern epidemics: noxious gas smell in a high school Spread of Asylums - correct answer Began in 12th century Europe In early hospitals: often housed against will in harsh conditions (most infamous is Bedlam) Most thought abnormal behaviors were medical illnesses, such as excessive blood in the brain Moral Treatment: 18th-19th Centuries - correct answer Mental hygiene movement: more humane treatment of people with mental health problems based on the psychological view that people developed problems from a separation from nature and had succumbed to stress Movement for moral treatment of people with abnormality (no beating, allow freedom to walk, comfort and good food) Initial success brought in too many people so that the capacity to provide effective, humane care was lost Many immigrants were in asylums, leading to loss of public support Biological Perspectives - correct answer Developed with an increase of knowledge about the body General paresis: a disease that leads to paralysis, insanity, and eventually death; was discovered to be caused by syphilis Focus on the role of genetics, structural and functional abnormalities in the brain, and biochemical imbalances Psychoanalytic Perspective - correct answer Began with Mesmer's idea that there is a magnetic fluid in the body that is influenced by other people and the planets Mesmerism: Mesmer's methods of re-aligning magnetic fluid, which were attributed to hypnosis Charcot argued that hysteria was caused by degeneration in the brain and had studies of inducing symptoms in hypnotized people Freud was a student of Charcot and was interested in the mental life hidden from consciousness Freud developed psychoanalysis, the study of the unconscious Behaviorism - correct answer Behaviorism is the study of the impact of reinforcements and punishments on behavior Classical conditioning: Pavlov discovered that a behavior can be conditioned to occur in response to a stimulus Watson explained abnormal behaviors and phobias on the basis of the individual's history of conditioning; he rejected psychoanalytic and biological theories Operant conditioning: Thorndike and Skinner argued that behaviors with positive reinforcement are likely to be repeated Cognitive Revolution - correct answer Cognitions: thought processes that influence behavior and emotion Self-efficacy beliefs: people's beliefs about their ability to execute the behaviors necessary to control important events Bandura believed that self-efficacy beliefs are crucial in determining people's well-being Ellis argued that people prone to psychopathology are plagued by irrational negative assumptions Ellis developed rational-emotive therapy which challenged patients' irrational belief systems; was controversial but popular Beck focused on irrational thoughts and used cognitive therapy, which has become one of the most widely used therapies Deinstitutionalization - correct answer Patient's rights movement: argued that mental patients can recover more fully/live better if they are integrated into the community with support of community based treatment facilities (i.e., deinstitutionalization) Community mental health movement: launched by Kennedy as a bold new approach to mental health care; tried to provide mental health services to people in community mental health centers Halfway houses: offer those with long-term mental health problems the opportunity to live in a structured, supportive environment as they try to reestablish working relationship and ties to family and friends Day treatment centers: allow people to obtain treatment during the day, along with occupational and rehabilitative therapies, but live at home at night Not enough community resources were developed to care for all of the mental patients released from institutions, many ending up homeless or in jail Managed Care - correct answer A collection of methods for coordinating care that ranges from simple monitoring to total control over what care can be provided and paid for Goals: to coordinate services for an existing medical problem and to prevent future medical problems Primary provider can help find appropriate care and can ensure the continuity of care Health insurance often does not fully cover mental health care; many do not have health insurance Professions Within Abnormal Psychology - correct answer Psychiatrists: MD degree and specialized training in the treatment of psychological problems; can prescribe medications and conduct psychotherapies Clinical psychologists: PhD with a specialization in treating and researching psychological problems or a PsyD with an emphasis in clinical training; can conduct psychotherapy and have limited prescription privileges in some states Marriage and family therapists: specialize in helping families, couples, and children overcome problems that are interfering with their well-being Clinical social workers: master's degree in social work; focus on helping people with psychological problems overcome social conditions that are contributing to their problems (such as unemployment) Licensed mental health counselors: graduate training in counseling without a PhD Psychiatric nurses: nursing degree with a specialization in the treatment of people with severe psychological problems; deliver medical care and some psychotherapy Theory - correct answer set of ideas that provide a framework for asking questions about a phenomenon, as well as gathering and interpreting information about that phenomenon 3 Approaches of Disorders - correct answer Sociocultural approach: views disorders as a result of environmental conditions Biological approach: views disorders as the result of abnormal genes or neurobiological dysfunction Psychological approach: views disorders as the result of thinking processes, personality styles, and conditioning Single vs. Multiple causes - correct answer Historically, theories implicated single causes of psychopathology in isolation Currently: a biopsychosocial approach is used, a comprehensive integration of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that is gaining empirical support Vulnerability-stress model - correct answer Also known as the diathesis-stress model When the risk factor and the trigger/stress come together in the same individual, the full-blown disorder can emerge Vulnerabilities are sourced from biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors Biological Approaches - correct answer Brain dysfunction: structural brain abnormalities; Phineas Gage survived an iron rod through the skull but his personality changed Biochemical causes: neurotransmitters, the endocrine system Genetic factors Primary brain structures associated with mental health - correct answer Cerebral cortex: the outer layer of the cerebrum, involved in our most advanced thinking processes Hypothalamus: small structure just below thalamus that regulates eating, drinking, and sex (thalamus directs information from sense receptors to the cerebrum) Limbic system: set of structures that regulate instinctive behaviors, includes the amygdala and hippocampus Amygdala: critical in emotions such as fear Hippocampus: plays a role in memory Neurotransmitters - correct answer Biochemicals that act as messengers carrying impulses from one neuron to another in the brain and other parts of the nervous system Synapse: slight gap between the synaptic terminals where action takes place Receptors: molecules on the membrane of adjacent neurons. Neurotransmitters are released into the synapse and bind to receptors there, stimulating the adjacent neuron to initiate an impulse. Reuptake: the initial neuron releasing the neurotransmitter reabsorbs it Degradation: the receiving neuron releases an enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter Psychopathology may be associated with the amount of certain neurotransmitters in the synapse; symptoms may also be associated with the number and functioning of the receptors on the dendrites Serotonin: plays an important role in emotional well-being, especially in depression, anxiety, and dysfunctional behaviors such as aggression Dopamine: In areas of the brain associated with our experience of reinforcements or rewards; affected by drugs; important to the muscular system Norepinephrine: prolonged, stimulating effects from cocaine; too little results in depressed mood GABA: inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters; plays a role in anxiety symptoms Endocrine system - correct answer Releases various hormones into the blood that regulate mood, energy, and reactions to stress Hormone: carries messages throughout the body, potentially affecting a person's mood, level of energy, and reaction to stress Stress hormones: drive physiological and behavioral responses to stress Pituitary: master gland; produces the largest number of different hormones and controls the secretion of other endocrine glands Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis: when this is dysregulated, one may have abnormal physiological reactions to stress that make it more difficult to cope Genetic Factors - correct answer Behavioral Genetics: the study of the genetics of personality and abnormality. Asks 2 questions - To what extent are behaviors or behavioral tendencies inherited? What are the processes by which genes affect behavior? Typically a polygenic process: it takes multiple genetic abnormalities coming together in one individual to create a specific disorder Epigenetics: the study of heritable changes in the expression of genes without change in the gene sequence; indicates that environmental conditions can affect the expression of genes Behavior/pathology is a function of genes and the environment; both impact one another and environmental conditions impact the expression of genes Biologically-based Therapies - correct answer Medication Brain stimulation techniques Psychosurgery Medication - correct answer Antipsychotic drugs: help reduce the symptoms of psychosis (hallucinations); first group was the phenothiazines which had dangerous side effects; newer group is the atypical antipsychotics with less side effects Antideppressant drugs: most frequently used are selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs); newer include selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs); older include tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)