SOCIOL 2CC3 - Constructing Deviance midterm Exam | SOCIOL 2CC3 Midterm Exam Summer 2025/26.

A Social Problems approach to deviant behaviour is unconcerned with proving whether a deviant condition is real (i.e., actually exists) or not. Question 21 options: True False Question 22 (1 point) Saved Individuals who adopt a relativist perspective to normalize their deviant identity engage in which type of activity: Question 22 options: engage in identity politics embrace their deviance as intrinsically real critique the deviant label and claim it is ideological and made up identify with their deviance but resist the deviant label seek to normalize and destigmatize the deviant labelQuestion 23 (1 point) Saved Same-sex sexuality has been and continues to be understood in which of the following ways: Question 23 options: a) as a natural variation of human behaviour b) as a choice, learned, lifestyle c) as innate (biological) d) as a perversion e) all are correct f) a, b & d only Question 24 (1 point) SavedBefore Hazel goes out clubbing with her friends, she warns them that she gets a 'little crazy' when she drinks. Which vocabulary of motive did Hazel use: Question 24 options: excuse disclaimer denial of injury justification account Question 25 (1 point) Saved Social Constructionist theory was informed by which two intellectual developments in Sociology: Question 25 options: the work of Symbolic Interactionists and Chicago School theorists the work of Berger and Luckman and the Chicago School theoriststhe work of Berger and Luckman and Conflict theory theorists the work of Symbolic Interactionists and Structural Functionalists the work of Berger and Luckman and Symbolic Interactionists Next Page The management of a same-sex sexual identity is...: Question 26 options: a) usually simple and straightforward b) an emergent, ongoing and fluid process c) constant and pervasive throughout one's lifetime d) all-consuming and tedious to manage e) all are correct Question 27 (1 point) Saved For labeling theorists, the appraisals of others are critical to the process of an individual becoming and remaining deviant.Question 27 options: True False Question 28 (1 point) Saved Labeling theory of deviance is concerned with ...: Question 28 options: a) the meanings that are attached to an act, idea or way of being that is defined as deviant b) the individual's motivations for engaging in deviance and why they continue to defy consensual social norms and values c) social definitions of deviance rather than causes of deviance d) a & b e) a & c Question 29 (1 point)Saved For Sykes & Matza (1957), techniques of neutralization are forms of “self-talk” that individuals can employ before or after a deviant act has occurred. Question 29 options: True False Question 30 (1 point) Saved The metaphor of a “multistoried building” best describes the trajectory of the deviant career. Question 30 options: True False Next Page A Positivist approach to understanding the "nature" of social reality involves which of the following:Question 31 options: a) the relative and contextual nature of social life b) repeated experimentation to discover universal facts or truths c) the employment of scientific methodologies and methods d) a & b e) b & c Question 32 (1 point) Saved Shaming is an important form of informal social control. Question 32 options: True False Question 33 (1 point) SavedThe dilemma of deciding to disclose or conceal one’s sexual orientation or identity is largely socially influenced. Question 33 options: True False Question 34 (1 point) Saved Informal labeling of deviance involves the application of labels of deviancy by which social groups: Question 34 options: a) the police and the courts b) social workers and corrections c) significant others (family members, peers, teachers) d) the medical profession e) all are correct For "strong" social (radical) constructionists...:Question 35 options: a) some social conditions are socially constructed but other social conditions are objectively given in nature b) some things just exist, and cannot be explained c) everything is socially constructed d) brute facts exist and just "are" e) a & b Question 36 (1 point) Saved According to Scott and Lyman (1968), an account is an excuse but is not a justification. Question 36 options: True False Question 37 (1 point)Saved Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a deviant career shift: Question 37 options: a shift laterally within a particular deviant scene the individual takes on additional activities a shift back to a legitimate career a shift to a new deviant scene or career a shift vertically within a deviant organisation Question 38 (1 point) Saved One day Mary was grocery shopping and decided to shoplift an expensive bottle of wine. No one noticed the theft, so Mary was not found out. Despite this act, Mary did not consider herself a thief. According to Labeling Theory, what type of deviance did Mary engage in? Question 38 options:primary deviance tertiary deviance latent deviance secondary deviance secret deviance Question 39 (1 point) Saved Mobility with in deviant careers involves a series of career shifts. Question 39 options: True False Durkheim was the first sociologist to explore social stigma and its relationship with deviant behaviour. Question 40 options: TrueFalse Question 41 (1 point) Saved Labeling theory's contribution to the sociological study of deviant behaviour is important for what reasons: Question 41 options: a) labelling theorists shifted the focus from those labelled deviant t those who were doing the labelling b) labelling theorists conceptualized deviance as contingent, situational, and definitional c) labelling theorists focused on the reactions of others as the basi for the creation of definitions of deviance d) all are correct e) a & c only Question 42 (1 point)Saved Which of the following answers best typifies how lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) individuals manage their sexual identities in their interactions with others: Question 42 options: LGB individuals tend to remain 'out' once they have disclosed their same-sex sexual identity to others LGB individuals have nothing to fear but fear itself in choosing to 'come out' or remain 'closeted' LGB individuals only disclose their same-sex sexual identity to individuals they trust and feel safe around LGB individuals engage in a lifelong process of information management regarding their same-sex sexual identity LGB individuals are either "out of the closet" or "remain closeted" about their same-sex sexual identity all of the time Question 43 (1 point) SavedA Positivist approach to deviance assumes deviance to be real, obvious to all, tangible, and measurable. Question 43 options: True False Question 44 (1 point) Saved In the Youtube clip "Grandmas Smoking Pot", it was revealed that all 3 grandmas had...: Question 44 options: all been arrested for possession of marijuana in their youth smoked pot on special occasions never smoked pot prior to the "experiment" been regular pot-smokers throughout most of their lives smoked pot during the 1960's but stopped when they had childrenIn the article "Becoming Bisexual", which of the following is NOT one of the stages identified in achieving a bisexual identity: Question 45 options: continued uncertainty finding and applying the label identity formation initial confusion settling into the identity Question 46 (1 point) Saved Vocabularies of motive are in many ways crucial to the maintenance of social order. Question 46 options: True FalseQuestion 47 (1 point) Saved Critics of Becker and Strauss’s (1956) model of the deviant career claim the concept of deviant lifestyle may be more appropriate than the concept of deviant career. Question 47 options: True False Question 48 (1 point) Saved The deviant career experience differs from the legitimate career experience in what ways: Question 48 options: a) deviant careers are fluid rather than structured b) deviant careers are marked by high risk, uncertainty, and manychoices c) mobility within deviant careers does not involve standardized pathways d) all are correct e) a & c only Question 49 (1 point) Saved Berger and Luckmann's (1966) seminal work titled The Social Construction of Reality focused on which of the following concern(s): Question 49 options: a) how all human knowledge is socially created and produced b) how certain types of human knowledge are universal and transhistorical c) how certain types of human knowledge emerge and become important to societyd) a & b e) a & c Which of the following is NOT a typical type of excuse identified by Scott & Lyman (1968): Question 50 options: appeal to biological drives appeal to coincidences appeal to defeasibility appeal to accidents scapegoating Question 51 (1 point) Saved In his article "To Tell or Not to Tell. Managing a Concealable Identity in the Workplace" (2012), Flett argues that people are unable to manage multiple identities without major dissonance.Question 51 options: True False Question 52 (1 point) Saved Which of the following is NOT a component of Becker's (1953) theorem of becoming a marijuana user: Question 52 options: people choose to engage in deviant behaviour by changing their existing conception of the deviant behaviour motivation to engage in any deviant activity emerges in learning how to engage in that activity engaging in deviance is a highly individualistic and subjective process becoming a marijuana user is located within a subcultural learning processengaging in deviance is a socially informed and rational process Question 53 (1 point) Saved Which of the following is NOT associated with discreditable stigmas: Question 53 options: are stigmas that are obvious, visible and will become known to stigmatized individuals attempt to pass a normal stigmatized individuals struggle with feelings of guilt when they are accepted by others as normal are stigmas that are hidden and unknown to others are stigmas that can be concealed Question 54 (1 point) SavedA Social Problems approach to deviant behaviour involves which of the following: Question 54 options: a) the study of the causes of deviance and criminality b) a focus on the claimsmaking activities of individuals or groups c) the processes by which a social condition becomes defined as deviant or problematic d) all are correct e) b & c only Which of the following is NOT a feature associated with the organization of legitimate careers: Question 1 options: legitimate career positions are formally defined and have written rules the legitimate career becomes central to the individual's life and self-identity individuals receive greater rewards with upward mobilitylegitimate career paths are ad hoc, flexible, and emergent legitimate career paths of upward mobility are clearly defined and become a public matter Question 2 (1 point) Saved Which of the following is NOT a type of disclaimer identified by Hewitt & Stokes (1975): Question 2 options: appeals for the suspension of judgement denial sin licenses credentialing hedging Question 3 (1 point) SavedA major tenet of labeling theory is that stigmatization always results in deviant behaviour. Question 3 options: True False Question 4 (1 point) Saved Identify Becker’s 3-step process in becoming a marijuana user: Question 4 options: technique, awareness of effect, socializing influences of peers technique, awareness of effect, learning to enjoy the effects experienced technique, motivation, socializing influences of peers motivation, awareness of affect, socializing influences of peers motivation, technique, learning to enjoy the effects experiencedQuestion 5 (1 point) Saved A Positivist approach to the study of deviance focuses on what factor(s): Question 5 options: a) social contexts in which deviance occurs b) social definitions of deviance c) causes of deviance d) significant and generalized others' reactions to deviance e) none of the above Which of the following is NOT one of Braithwaite’s 4 components of shaming through stigmatization: Question 6 options: the individual and their behaviour are both labeled as deviant disapprovers continue to maintain a relationship of respect with th shamed individualno ceremonies are employed to neutralize the deviant act the deviant identity can become the individual's master status disapproval of the act leads to the humiliation of the individual Question 7 (1 point) Saved Research on "the deviant career" has focused on four major topics. A fifth remains under-researched. Identify the fifth neglected researched topic: Question 7 options: the process of becoming deviant the mid-career deviant experience the process of leaving/exiting a deviant career the individuals' entry into a deviant career early stages of specific deviant careers Question 8 (1 point)Saved An interpretivist approach to the study of deviant behaviour is concerned with what factors: Question 8 options: a) the reactions of others to individuals behaviour, ideas, or way of being b) how individuals and groups engage in the creation of social reality e) a & c only d) all are correct c) shared meanings, language, consciousness, and symbols Question 9 (1 point) Saved Which of the following is NOT associated with a sociological definition of deviance: Question 9 options:deviance involves the violation of cultural norms, mores and laws deviance is a narrowly defined concept deviance involves anything that causes us to view another as an outsider, or as different conceptualizations of deviance differ across time and place deviance is a broadly defined concept Question 10 (1 point) Saved Vocabularies of motive are...: Question 10 options: a) central to everyday communication and interaction b) used to by people to explain and normalize their behaviours in front of others c) employed to ward off negative appraisals by others d) forms of social communication that enable people to act e) all are correctf) b & c only For Social Problems theorists...: Question 11 options: a) the existence of a putative condition is not important b) the existence of a putative condition is important c) what people say about the putative condition is important d) a & c e) b & c Question 12 (1 point) Saved Primary deviance...: Question 12 options: is the label given to serious nonconforming behaviours, ideas and ways of beinginvolves any non-normative activity, belief or physical characteristi that violates a social norm or rule occurs when rule breakers have been negatively labeled and a "social mirror" is generated is a major violation that becomes public and results in social and legal condemnation is the term used to describe the actor's first deviant act of consequence Question 13 (1 point) Saved According to Hughes (1945), an individual's "master status"...: Question 13 options: is the individual's most favourable identifying characteristic consists of a combination of several dominant identities is the individual's primary identifying characteristicconsists of a combination of lesser identities that taken together form a master identity is always a deviant identity Question 14 (1 point) Saved Which of the following is NOT a type of disclosure strategy employed by gay men in choosing to inform others of their same-sex sexuality status: Question 14 options: problem-solving relationship-building therapeutic preventative defensive Question 15 (1 point)Saved According to Goffman, a spoiled identity is...: Question 15 options: a) a consequence of the labelling process b) an identity that anyone can experience in their lifetime c) associated with a status that is discredited or discreditable d) all are correct e) a & c only Next Page The philosophical orientations of Positivism and Constructionism are in many ways more similar than dissimilar. Question 16 options: True False Question 17 (1 point)Saved According to Matsueda (1992), the self-concept is shaped by 3 types of appraisals. Correctly identify the 3 types: Question 17 options: reflected appraisals, self-appraisals, societal appraisals societal appraisals, deflected appraisals, self-appraisals actual appraisals, deflected appraisals, self-appraisals societal appraisals, actual appraisals, self-appraisals actual appraisals, reflected appraisals, self-appraisals Question 18 (1 point) Saved Justifications are neutralizations that are offered before a potentially problematic act is committed Question 18 options: True FalseQuestion 19 (1 point) Saved Which of the following is NOT a type of concealment strategy utilised by gay men to hide their same-sex sexuality from others (Cain, 1991): Question 19 options: deference to others lack of a pay-off inappropriateness denying one's sexual orientation admission of responsibility Question 20 (1 point) Saved To normalize their stigma, discredited individuals engage in which of the following tactics:Question 20 options: a) openly discuss and account for their stigma b) form supportive social networks c) engage in information management d) a & b e) a & c Labeling theory emerged as a reaction against positivist theories of deviant behaviour. Question 1 options: True False Question 2 (1 point) Saved Auxiliary traits are rarely associated with an individual’s master status. Question 2 options: True FalseQuestion 3 (1 point) Saved Labeling theory's contribution to the sociological study of deviant behaviour is important for which of the following reasons: Question 3 options: a) labelling theorists shifted the focus from those labelled deviant to those who were doing the labelling b) labelling theorists conceptualized deviance as situational, definitional, and contingent c) labelling theorists focused on the reactions of others as the basis for definitions of deviance d) all are correct e) a & c only Question 4 (1 point) Saved A Social Problems approach to the study of deviant behaviour is based on which of the following tenets: Question 4 options: a) the study of behaviours defined objectively as deviant b) definitional or claimsmaking activities of individuals or groups c) processes by which some condition becomes defined as deviant or problematic d) all are correct e) b & c onlyQuestion 5 (1 point) Saved According to Goffman, a spoiled identity,,,: Question 5 options: a) a powerful negative label b) is a general aspect of social life c) is a deeply discrediting attribute or condition d) all are correct e) a and c only For "strong" social (radical) constructionists...: Question 6 options: some things just exist, and cannot be explained everything is socially constructed some things are socially constructed while other things just exist some things are more socially constructed than others brute facts exist and just "are" Question 7 (1 point) Saved For interpretivists (constructionists), deviance is relative and contextual. Question 7 options:True False Question 8 (1 point) Saved Which of the following is NOT a typical type of excuse: Question 8 options: appeal to defeasibility appeal to coincidences scapegoating appeal to accidents appeal to biological drives Question 9 (1 point) Saved What were the two major concerns addressed within the literature on the deviant career: Question 9 options: a) developing a theory of the causes of deviance and deviant careers b) developing a theory of how deviant careers are organized c) characterizing the nature of the deviant career experience d) a & b e) b & c Question 10 (1 point)Saved Research on deviant careers has focused on four major topics. A fifth remains under-researched. Identify the fifth under-researched topic: Question 10 options: the individuals’ entry into a deviant career the process of becoming deviant the process of leaving/exiting a deviant career early stages of specific deviant careers the mid-career deviant experience The west has a long history of regarding sex work as a threat to morality, the family and civilization. Question 11 options: True False Question 12 (1 point) Saved Which of the following is NOT one of Sykes and Matza’s 5 techniques of neutralization: Question 12 options:denial of responsibility for one’s behaviour denial of complicity denial of victimization condemnation of one’s condemners denial of injury to others Question 13 (1 point) Saved One day Mary was grocery shopping and decided to shoplift an expensive bottle of wine. No one noticed the theft and she was not found out. Despite this act, Mary did not consider herself a thief. According to Labeling Theory, what type of deviance did Mary engage in? Question 13 options: secondary deviation latent deviation tertiary deviation primary deviation hidden deviance Question 14 (1 point) SavedIn the article "Becoming Bisexual", which of the following is NOT one of the stages identified in achieving a bisexual identity: Question 14 options: initial confusion finding and applying the label settling into the identity continued uncertainty identity formation Question 15 (1 point) Saved Justifications involve an admission of wrong doing, but a denial of responsibility. Question 15 options: True False Homosexuality can be both a discreditable and discrediting stigma. Question 16 options: True False Question 17 (1 point)Saved A Social Constructionist approach to deviant behaviour is unconcerned with proving whether a deviant condition real or not. Question 17 options: True False Question 18 (1 point) Saved Primary deviance...: Question 18 options: is the label given to serious nonconforming behaviours is the term used to describe the actor's first deviant act of consequence is a major violation that becomes public and results in legal condemnation involves any non-normative activity, belief or physical characteristic that violates a norm or rule occurs when rule breakers have been found out and are labeled and identified with their deviance Question 19 (1 point) SavedWhich of the following is NOT a type of concealment strategy utilised by gay men to hide their same-sex sexuality from others (Cain, 1991): Question 19 options: admission of responsibility deference to others inappropriateness lying about one's same-sex sexuality lack of a pay-off Question 20 (1 point) Saved The moral panic around AIDS became a different type of social problem when which of the following groups became infected: Question 20 options: working class African-Americans men on the down-low children and adolescents pregnant women white middle class heterosexuals A discredited stigma is one that is concealed and unknown to others.Question 21 options: True False Question 22 (1 point) Saved Durkheim was the first sociologist to explore social stigma and its relationship to deviance Question 22 options: True False Question 23 (1 point) Saved To normalize their stigma, discredited individuals engage in which of the following tactics: Question 23 options: a) openly discuss and account for their stigma b) form supportive social networks c) engage in information management d) a & b e) a & c Question 24 (1 point)Saved Which of the following is NOT associated with the concept of tertiary deviance: Question 24 options: developing a deviant master status developing multiple deviant identities adopting either a relativist or absolutist perspective embracing one's deviance in a positive manner exhibiting role engulfment Question 25 (1 point) Saved Which of the following characteristics of the “gay lifestyle” was NOT presumed to be linked to the HIV/AIDS viruses: Question 25 options: anal intercourse the use of “poppers” anonymous sex with multiple partners wearing ass-less chaps at the disco casual non-monogamous sexThe philosophical orientations of Positivism and Constructionism are in many ways more similar than dissimilar. Question 26 options: True False Question 27 (1 point) Saved Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a deviant career shift: Question 27 options: a shift to a new deviant scene or career a shift back to a legitimate career a shift vertically within a deviant organisation a shift laterally within a particular deviant scene the individual takes on additional activities Question 28 (1 point) Saved For Social Constructionists, meanings are polysemic. Question 28 options:True False Question 29 (1 point) Saved The management of a same-sex sexual identity is...: Question 29 options: all-consuming and tedious to manage constant and pervasive across one's lifetime usually simple and straightforward all are correct an emergent and fluid process Question 30 (1 point) Saved Before Hazel goes out clubbing with her friends, she warns them that she gets a 'little crazy' when she drinks. Which vocabulary of motive did Hazel use: Question 30 options: denial of injury account justification excuse disclaimerWhich of the following is NOT a justification used by rapists to neutralize their deviance: Question 31 options: what happened wasn't rape nice girls don't get raped women really mean yes when they say no the police got the wrong guy most women eventually relax and enjoy it they were seduced by the woman Question 32 (1 point) Saved In the Youtube clip "Grandmas Smoking Pot", it was discovered that all 3 grandmas had...: Question 32 options: smoked pot on special occasions all had been arrested for possession of marijuana in their youth and vowed never to smoke it again had been regular pot-smokers during their early twenties smoked pot during the 1960's but stopped when they had children had never smoked pot prior to the "experiment" Question 33 (1 point) SavedSocial constructionism is the least radical of all sociological theories regarding deviant behaviour. Question 33 options: True False Question 34 (1 point) Saved In his article "To Tell or Not to Tell. Managing a Concealable Identity in the Workplace", Flett argues that people are unable to manage multiple identities without major dissonance. Question 34 options: True False Question 35 (1 point) Saved Vocabularies of motive are used to explain both nonnormative and non-conforming behaviours. Question 35 options:True False For labeling theorists, the appraisals of others are critical to the process of an individual becoming and remaining deviant. Question 36 options: True False Question 37 (1 point) Saved For Social Problems theorists...: Question 37 options: a) the existence of a putative (presumed) condition is not important b) the existence of a putative (presumed) condition is important c) what people say about the putative (presumed) condition is important d) a & c e) b & c Question 38 (1 point) SavedSeveral men in Cain’s study (1991) chose to remain closeted about their homosexual identity as a way to avoid interactional problems. Question 38 options: True False Question 39 (1 point) Saved For those who are critical of the deviant career model, the concept of deviant lifestyle may be a more accurate or appropriate than the concept of deviant career. Question 39 options: True False Question 40 (1 point) Saved The study of informal labeling by significant others is important because of its role in the social control of societal members.Question 40 options: True False Same-sex sexuality has been and continues to be understood in which of the following ways: Question 41 options: as a perversion as a choice, learned, lifestyle as a natural variation of human behaviour as innate (biological) all are correct Question 42 (1 point) Saved A Positivist approach to the study of deviance focuses on which of the following factors: Question 42 options: social contexts in which deviance occurs all answers are correct others' reactions to deviance causes of deviance social definitions of deviance Question 43 (1 point)Saved All Symbolic Interactionist researchers believe that the deviant career is very similar in structure and organization to legitimate occupational careers. Question 43 options: True False Question 44 (1 point) Saved The swastika is a contemporary symbol that first emerged in the 20th century and was utilized exclusively by the German Nazi party. Question 44 options: True False Question 45 (1 point) Saved COYOTE is an organisation that advocates for which stigmatized group:Question 45 options: gay men intravenous drug users individuals with physical stigmas female sex workers individuals living with HIV/AIDS As a theory of deviance, Labeling theory focuses on which of the following factors: Question 46 options: a) the impact of deviant labels to an individual's sense of self and self-identity b) the use of rules and typifications to classify individuals as deviant c) the creation and interpretation of deviance d) all are correct e) a & c only Question 47 (1 point) Which of the following is NOT part of an “account”: Question 47 options: involves a motive that follows the occurrence of a negative act includes statements that protect individuals from becoming discredited by others includes statements that are made to explain unexpected or awkward behaviour includes statements that allow individuals to save face involves a motive that precedes the occurrence of a negative act Which of the following is NOT one of Braithwaite’s 4 components of shaming through stigmatization:Question 71 options: both the act and the individual are labeled as deviant no ceremonies are sought to decertify the deviant act the deviant identity is allowed to become a master status disapproval of the act leads to the humiliation of the individual disapprovers continue to maintain a relationship of respect with the shamed individual Question 72 (1 point) Saved For Matsueda, the “self as a process” consists of which 3 components of informal social control. Identify the 3 forms: Question 72 options: actual appraisals, deflected appraisals, self-appraisals societal appraisals, actual appraisals, self-appraisals reflected appraisals, self-appraisals, societal appraisals societal appraisals, deflected appraisals, self-appraisals actual appraisals, reflected appraisals, self-appraisals Question 73 (1 point) Saved Identify Becker’s 3-step process in becoming a marijuana user: Question 73 options: motivation, technique, awareness of effectmotivation, awareness of affect, socializing influences of peers technique, awareness of effect, learning to enjoy effects experienced technique, awareness of effect, socializing influences of peers technique, motivation, socializing influences of peers Question 74 (1 point) Saved According to Hughes (1945), an individual's "master status"...: Question 74 options: is the individual's most favourable identifying characteristic is the individual's primary identifying characteristic consists of a combination of several dominant identities consists of a combination of lesser identities that form a master identity is always a deviant identity Question 75 (1 point) Saved Berger and Luckmann's (1966) seminal work titled The Social Construction of Reality focused on which of the following concern(s): Question 75 options: a) how all human knowledge is socially created and produced b) how certain types of human knowledge are universal and transhistoricalc) how certain kinds of human knowledge arise and become important to society d) a & b e) a & c A Social Problems approach to the study of non-normative behaviour addresses how some condition comes to be defined as problematic or deviant. Question 76 options: True False Question 77 (1 point) Saved When we define something as deviant, we are engaged in the process of creating deviance. Question 77 options: True False Question 78 (1 point) Saved Secondary deviance is... Question 78 options:the second stage in the process of developing a deviant identity a simple violation that is punished harshly hidden deviance the second deviant act that follows the first primary deviant act a lesser form of deviant self-identity formation Question 79 (1 point) Saved Which of the following answers is the "most correct" in typifying how lesbian, gay and bisexual (LGB) individuals manage their sexual identities in relation to others: Question 79 options: LGB individuals tend to remain 'out' once they have disclosed their same-sex sexuality to others LGB individuals only disclose their same-sex sexuality to individuals they trust and feel safe around LGB individuals engage in a lifelong process of information management regarding their same-sex sex identity LGB individuals are either "out of the closet" or "remain closeted" about their same-sex sexuality all of the time LGB individuals have nothing to fear but fear itself in deciding to 'come out' or remain 'closeted' Question 80 (1 point) Saved Labeling theory emerged as a reaction against which sociological theories of deviance: Question 80 options:Park's ecological model and Sutherland's differential association theory Park's ecological model and Merton's theory of anomie Merton's theory of anomie and Sutherland's differential association theory Durkheim's theory of anomie and Sutherland's differential association theory Merton and Durkheim's theories of anomie Question 48 (1 point) Vocabularies of motive,,,: Question 48 options: a) are employed by individuals to account for behaviours that may be understood as problematic by oth b) are employed by individuals in an attempt to control others' evaluations of them c) align our actions and thoughts with societal expectations d) all are correct e) a & b only Question 49 (1 point) Which of the following is NOT associated with discreditable stigmas: Question 49 options: are stigmas that are obvious, visible and can become known to are stigmas that can be concealed are stigmas that are hidden and unknown to others stigmatized individuals attempt to pass a normal stigmatized individuals struggle with feelings of guilt when they are accepted by others as normal Question 50 (1 point)Saved Labeling theory focuses on which of the following factors: Question 50 options: a) the meanings that are attached to an act, idea or way of being that is defined as deviant b) the straightforward violation of social norms, values and beliefs c) social definitions of deviance rather than causes of deviance d) a & b e) a & c Which of the following is NOT associated with Positivism and the scientific method: Question 51 options: the use of experimentation to discover immutable universal facts or truths the use of techniques of observation and comparative method the use of sensitizing concepts as constructs that are derived from the research participants' perspective the creation of discrete categories and typologies of difference the correct methodology will allow researchers to discover the "essence of a thing" in terms of how it behaves and functions Question 52 (1 point) Saved Which of the following statements is NOT associated with Becker's (1953) theorem of becoming a marijuana user: Question 52 options:engaging in deviance is an individualistic and irrational process people choose to engage in deviant behaviour by changing their conception of the behaviour becoming a marijuana user is located within a subcultural learning process engaging theory emerged as a reaction against positivist owing is NOT associated with discre rational process motivation to engage in any deviant activity emerges in learning how to engage in that activity Question 53 (1 point) Saved Social Problems theorists found the concept of "deviance" problematic for which of the following reasons: Question 53 options: a) deviance is a social construct and does not exist in the natural world c) the term assumes there is social consensus that a social condition is undesirable d) all are correct e) b & c only Question 54 (1 point) Saved When shaming is reintegrative, it incites and increases criminal behaviour. Question 54 options: True FalseQuestion 55 (1 point) Saved For Symbolic Interactionists, the relationship between the individual and society can be characterized in which of the following ways: Question 55 options: a) both are part of an ongoing and indeterminate process of action c) both are always changing d) all are correct e) a & b only b) both are interconnected In her article about sex workers and the AIDs crisis, Jenness was concerned with which particular type of social problem: Question 56 options: the transmission of HIV and AIDs to innocents immoral and deviant sexual behaviour the immoral activities of sex workers the immoral activities of gay men and intravenous drug users the deviant activities of gay men, sex workers and intravenous drug users Question 57 (1 point) SavedAccording to Scott and Lyman (1968), an account can be either an excuse or a justification. Question 57 options: True False Question 58 (1 point) Saved Mobility in deviant careers involves a series of career shifts. Question 58 options: True False Question 59 (1 point) Saved A Positivist approach to deviance assumes deviance to be real, obvious, tangible, measurable and real. Question 59 options: True False Question 60 (1 point)Saved According to Symbolic Interactionists, in order to understand social behaviour an interpretivist perspective must be adopted. Question 60 options: True False The metaphor of a “multistoried building” best describes the trajectory of a deviant career. False Secondary deviance is... the second stage in the process of developing a deviant identity Tannenbaum's Dramatization of Evil theorem sought to explain how...: youths become labelled as "bad" when their behaviours are defined as "bad" Which of the following is NOT associated with a sociological definition of deviance: deviance is a narrowly defined concept Which of the following is NOT a feature associated with the organization of legitimate careers: Question 61 options: positions are formally defined and have written rules the career becomes central to the individual's life and self-identity individuals receive greater rewards with upward mobility career paths are ad hoc, flexible and emergentcareer paths of upward mobility are clearly defined and become a public matter Question 62 (1 point) Saved Among labeling theorists, ideas, attributes and behaviours that fail to elicit negative responses from others are not considered deviant. Question 62 options: True False Question 63 (1 point) Saved The metaphor of a “multistoried building” best describes the trajectory of a deviant career. Question 63 options: True False Question 64 (1 point) SavedSocial Constructionism was informed by which 2 developments in Sociology: Question 64 options: the work of Berger and Luckman and Conflict theory the work of Symbolic Interactionism and the Chicago School the work of Symbolic Interactionism and Structural Functionalism the work of Berger and Luckman and the Chicago School the work of Berger and Luckman and Symbolic Interactionism Informal labeling of deviance involves the application of labels of deviancy by which groups in society: Question 66 options: social workers and the medical profession generalized others the police, the courts and corrections significant others significant and generalized others According to Hughes (1945), an individual's "master status"...: is the individual's primary identifying characteristic Informal labeling of deviance involves the application of labels of deviancy by which groups in society: Question 66 options: social workers and the medical profession generalized others the police, the courts and corrections significant otherssignificant and generalized others Question 67 (1 point) Saved Which of the following is NOT associated with a sociological definition of deviance: Question 67 options: deviance is a broadly defined concept conceptualizations of deviance differ across time and place deviance is a narrowly defined concept deviance involves anything that causes us to view another as an outsider, or as different defiance involves the violation of cultural norms, mores and laws Question 68 (1 point) Saved As an interpretivist approach, social constructionism focuses on which of the following factors: Question 68 options: a) understanding meaning and meaning making d) all are correct b) the day-to-day actions of individuals c) how people create meaning for themselves and others through the use of symbols, language and behaviour e) a & c onlyQuestion 69 (1 point) Saved A major tenet of labeling theory is that stigmatization always produces deviant behaviour. Question 69 options: True False Question 70 (1 point) Saved For Goffman, a spoiled identity involves which of the following characteristics: Question 70 options: a) it is a social identity that has "gone wrong" b) is part of the labelling process c) a shift in an individual's social status from one of normality to one that is discredited or discrediting d) all are correct e) a & c only