Anthro 2B Egan Midterm Exam – Lecturers
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Recombination - ✔✔Segregation and independent assortment of chromosomes into gametes, which
creates new combinations of DNA
Autosomes - ✔✔Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome, first 22 sets
sex chromosomes - ✔✔Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual, 23rd pair
DNA structure and functions - ✔✔Double helix, double stranded, base pairing (A-T, C-G), is very stable
RNA structure and functions - ✔✔Single strand, used for coding in protein synthesis
Nuclei acids - ✔✔Ribose sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group
Polymer - ✔✔
DNA replacation - ✔✔When DNA makes a copy of itself
Precedes mitosis + meiosis
Enzymes that help: helicase, DNA polymerase
protein synthesis - ✔✔Sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids making
a polypeptide
,Transcription - ✔✔Making an RNA copy of DNA using messenger RNA (mRNA)
Occurs in the nucleus
DNA nucleotide "language" —> RNA nucleotide "language"
Translation - ✔✔Stringing together amino acids to make polypeptide
Occurs in the cytoplasm @ ribosome
RNA nucleotide "language" —> amino acid "language"
mRNA - ✔✔Transports the genetic instructions from the DNA molecule to the site of protein synthesis
tRNA - ✔✔Brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
Ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis
amino acids - ✔✔The individual building blocks of proteins
20 different kinds
Codon + tRNA Anticodon - ✔✔A set of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
Mirror image of a codon
redundancy of the genetic code - ✔✔More than 1 codon can code for the same amino acid
, Polypeptide + Protein - ✔✔Amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Gene - ✔✔Sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for production of a unique polypeptide or RNA
molecule
Coded for by more than 1 gene locus
Polygenic - ✔✔describes a characteristic that is influenced by many genes and environment
Monogenic - ✔✔determined by a single gene
point mutation - ✔✔Affects 1 nucleotide pair in DNA
Nucleotide substitution
base-pair substitution - ✔✔Exchanges one base for another, like switching an A to a G
frameshift mutation - ✔✔Adding or deleting nucleotides, very big consequences since it changes
reading frame
neutral mutation - ✔✔a mutation that has no effect on survival or reproduction
deleterious mutation - ✔✔Junk gene, a mutation has wiped out the function
Deleterious recessives: Tay Sach's disease, type O blood
Mutation in somatic cells v. Gametes - ✔✔Mutation in somatic cells do not get passed onto offspring,
but mutations in the gametes do
Update – A+ Graded Submission – 100%
Verified Q&A for Success
Recombination - ✔✔Segregation and independent assortment of chromosomes into gametes, which
creates new combinations of DNA
Autosomes - ✔✔Any chromosome that is not a sex chromosome, first 22 sets
sex chromosomes - ✔✔Chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual, 23rd pair
DNA structure and functions - ✔✔Double helix, double stranded, base pairing (A-T, C-G), is very stable
RNA structure and functions - ✔✔Single strand, used for coding in protein synthesis
Nuclei acids - ✔✔Ribose sugar, nitrogen base, and phosphate group
Polymer - ✔✔
DNA replacation - ✔✔When DNA makes a copy of itself
Precedes mitosis + meiosis
Enzymes that help: helicase, DNA polymerase
protein synthesis - ✔✔Sequence of nucleotides in DNA determines the sequence of amino acids making
a polypeptide
,Transcription - ✔✔Making an RNA copy of DNA using messenger RNA (mRNA)
Occurs in the nucleus
DNA nucleotide "language" —> RNA nucleotide "language"
Translation - ✔✔Stringing together amino acids to make polypeptide
Occurs in the cytoplasm @ ribosome
RNA nucleotide "language" —> amino acid "language"
mRNA - ✔✔Transports the genetic instructions from the DNA molecule to the site of protein synthesis
tRNA - ✔✔Brings amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis
Ribosomes - ✔✔site of protein synthesis
amino acids - ✔✔The individual building blocks of proteins
20 different kinds
Codon + tRNA Anticodon - ✔✔A set of 3 nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid
Mirror image of a codon
redundancy of the genetic code - ✔✔More than 1 codon can code for the same amino acid
, Polypeptide + Protein - ✔✔Amino acids linked by peptide bonds
Gene - ✔✔Sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for production of a unique polypeptide or RNA
molecule
Coded for by more than 1 gene locus
Polygenic - ✔✔describes a characteristic that is influenced by many genes and environment
Monogenic - ✔✔determined by a single gene
point mutation - ✔✔Affects 1 nucleotide pair in DNA
Nucleotide substitution
base-pair substitution - ✔✔Exchanges one base for another, like switching an A to a G
frameshift mutation - ✔✔Adding or deleting nucleotides, very big consequences since it changes
reading frame
neutral mutation - ✔✔a mutation that has no effect on survival or reproduction
deleterious mutation - ✔✔Junk gene, a mutation has wiped out the function
Deleterious recessives: Tay Sach's disease, type O blood
Mutation in somatic cells v. Gametes - ✔✔Mutation in somatic cells do not get passed onto offspring,
but mutations in the gametes do
