ANTHROP 1AA3: Midterm Exam Summer 2025/2026.

ANTHROP 1AA3: Midterm Exam Summer 2025/2026. In your article by Alexandra Kralick, she cites the work of Ken Weiss, who pointed out that there are approximately 12% more male skeletons than female skeletons reported on the archaeological sites that he studied. Why is this? Question 2 options: Due to a tendency in the past to label those skeletons with ambiguous pelvic traits as male Due to the fact that the pelvic arch in ancient skeletal remains was larger in men in the past than in rec (last 400 years) remains Due to the fact that the pelvis is not as reliable an indicator of sex determination as the humerus None of the above The term "hegemonic masculinity" refers to: Question 2 options: A mainstream, dominant, or normative masculine identity in a given culture A type of third gender in Albania Heterosexuality A form of ritualized sexuality among the Sambians The primary characteristic that identifies hominins as a taxonomically distinct group from other primates is: Question 9 options: Question 1 (1 point) Saved Among other things, the "Man the Hunter" hypothesis tried to explain: Question 1 options: the origin of stone tools Bipedalismthe diversity of tools in the Neanderthal tool kit the origin of the Acheulian hand ax the origin of elephant butchery Which of the following explanations has not been proposed by anthropologists as a reason for why humans might have adopted agriculture during the Neolithic Revolution? Question 2 options: a) Population pressure, which meant that more food needed to be produced for a growing population. b) The readiness to adopt agriculture due to cognitive changes in humans. c) Pressure to copy the way other groups produce their food. d) Environmental change including the warming of the plant after the ice age. Most of the early animal domesticates that have been exported all around the world and are still used commonly today for food were found in which region of the world? Question 3 options: a) Africa b) East Asia c) Middle East d) South America According to analyses of their bones, dental calculus, and fecal samples, Neanderthals are thought by anthropologists to have eaten which types of foods? Question 1 options:a) Only meat b) Mostly meat with some plant foods c) Only plant foods d) Hard nuts and seeds As an archaeologist, if you find sickle blades (for cutting plants) and pottery on an 11,000 year old site in the Middle East, then this may indicate: Question 2 options: a) that the society is about to collapse b) either a transition toward agriculture, or the full adoption of it c) a strictly hunting and gathering mode of subsistence d) the development of a hierarchical religious complex Which of the following statements about the prehistoric archaeological site of Cahokia found in Southwestern Illinois is correct? Question 3 options: a) Everyone at Cahokia farmed and produced their own food. b) Cahokia was built after Europeans came to the North America. c) The main staple crop at Cahokia was barley.Which of the following statements is true about non-human primate diets? Question 4 options: a) They are diverse. b) They are limited to fruit and leaves. c) They are similar to human diets. d) All of the above Which is the correct order of time periods as taught in lecture regarding the evolution of Homo sapiens and their diets? Question 5 options: a) Mesolithic, Neolithic, Paleolithic b) Neolithic, Mesolithic, Paleolithic c) Mesolithic, Paleolithic, Neolithic d) Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic Which of the following foods was not one of the plants that was domesticated in the fertile areas next to rivers in what is now known as the Middle East region? Question 8 options: a) barley d) The large mound at the centre of the site was probably a location for spiritual and ceremon purposes.b) lentils c) maize/corn d) wheat One of the earliest known plants to be domesticated was? Question 9 options: a) maize/corn b) wheat c) potato d) rice Archaeologists argue that the appearance of permanent structures is typically associated with . Question 10 options: The advent of a sedentary lifestyle A hunting and gathering form of subsistence The growth and proliferation of chocolate farms in France None of the above Assumptions about gender equality in contemporary Western societies can be challenged based on which of the following reasons? Question 11 options: a) Men are still mostly likely to hold major positions of power.According to anthropologists, which of the following statements about the performance of sexuality is true? Question 12 options: a) It is determined by biology. b) Sexual restrictiveness and tolerance of homosexuality vary by culture. c) Same sex sexuality was not present in past societies because they were considered amoral. d) All of the above. In class we learned that genders are constructed through... Question 13 options: a) behaviour b) ritual c) performance d) all of the above b) Women now earn the same amount of money as men but they still don't hold as many positions of po in the workplace. c) Trans people now have full rights like every other gender group but women still don't have reproductive rights. d) None of the above are true.How does "Paris is Burning" portray the significance of "houses" within the ballroom culture? Question 14 options: As temporary shelters for homeless individuals As competitive organizations focused solely on winning trophies As exclusive clubs for wealthy individuals As familial structures that provide support and mentorship Which of the following examples was NOT discussed in class as an example of ways that sexuality is performed in different cultures? Question 15 options: a) Boys engaging in sexual practices with adult men as part of manhood initiation in some ethnic group Papua New Guinea and Melanesia b) Chukchi men engaging in sex with the host's wife while visiting another household c) Adult men mentoring adolescent boys in social and sexual adulthood in ancient Greece d) Christian missionaries believed that sexual intercourse between men and women could only happen f to face with the man on top. Which of the following characteristics is shared hominins? Question 20 options: a) erect posture b) bipedal locomotion c) reduced canines (eye teeth)Homo erectus fossil remains have been discovered in: Question 21 options: South America Mexico Canada Alaska None of the above The is a diagnostic/characteristic tool of Homo erectus. Question 22 options: Mousterian arrowhead/projectile point Hand ax Bone needle Fishing net Which of the following is a distinctive feature of Ardipithecus?: Question 23 options: A cranial capacity of 1500 cc Ardi was bipedal but also anatomically adapted for brachiation Ardi was a quadruped but spent most of its life in an arboreal setting A cranial capacity of 1000 cc Ardi had long fingers, short arms, and a foramen magnum located directly in the centre of the cranium Where would you be most likely to find a fossil of Australopithecus afarensis? Question 24 options: d) All of the aboveOlduvai Gorge Zhoukoudian Siberia Vindija cave A and D only Which is true of Homo erectus in the New World? Question 25 options: Many scholars argue for regional continuity from New World Homo erectus into Native Americans Homo erectus was not present in the New World There is a marked increase in brain size in New World forms compared with Old World ones Unlike forms in the Old World, New World forms used a refined Mousterian stone tool technology What tells us that Homo neanderthalensis was adapted to cope with the glacial cold?: Question 26 options: There is no sign that they used fire, so they must have been well adapted to the climate They lived in glacial Europe, so they must have been well adapted to the climate They had large bodies and short limbs, which saved heat Their large feet, and especially their pronounced foot arches, indicate that they were well adapted to the Some of these species are often lumped into the genus Paranthropus. Question 28 options: robust Australopithecines Homo erectus gracile Australopithecines anatomically modern humans The hands of primates:Question 32 options: Are prehensile Have five digits Have an opposable or partially opposable thumb All of the above As discussed in class, the three main forms of primate locomotion include: Question 33 options: brachiation, bipedalism and knee bending knuckle walking, brachiation and bipedalism bipedalism is the only form of locomotion used by all primates brachiation, belly slithering and tripedalism none of the above According to chapter 1 of the textbook, anthropologist use "comparison" as an analytical technique to... Question 35 options: a) overcome their culture shock when they see differences in other societies that they study. b) All of the above reasons are correct. c) educate people about best practices that come from Western traditions like democracy. d) see similiarities and differences across many human societies. According to your text, two variables that are among the central determinants of women's status and gender inequality are: Question 37 options:a) couvade and a women's level of involvement in fishing and hunting b) a father's involvement in child rearing and women's control of property after marriage c) hypermasculinity among men during periods of adolescence and couvade d) diet and access to hunting The concept of evolution in anthropology is mostly used in... Question 38 options: a) linguistic anthropology b) None of the above. c) biological anthropology d) sociocultural anthropology The practice of privileging a masculine perspective or world view and making it the centre of one's own world view is known as: Question 39 options: a) Androcentrism b) Ethnocentrism c) Andraphilia d) Gynocentrisme) Cultural relativism The evolution of human teeth is a subject studied by: Question 41 options: a) Archaeologists b) Social anthropologists c) Forensic anthropologists d) Biological anthropologists e) None of the above In North America, most individuals would not consider pizza to be appropriate for breakfast, but would happily consume it for lunch or dinner. From an anthropological perspective, what does this demonstrate? Question 40 options: a) That food, and its appropriate edibility and meaning, are culturally constructed b) That for biological reasons, pizza does not digest well until later in the day c) That North American culture does not appreciate the food value of pizza d) That pizza preparation takes a long time and would not make for an efficient morning meal Which is correct concerning bipedalism? Question 34 options:Anatomically modern humans were the first primates who were completely bipedal Bipedalism is the natural result of an increase in brain size and intelligence Bipedalism evolved after hominids started to make stone tools Bipedalism resulted from anatomical changes in the pelvis, lower limb and foot that occurred by at least 6 million years ago In paleoanthropology, "splitters" are: Question 31 options: all species of Australopithecines anthropologists who seek to limit the numbers of new named species anthropologists who seek to create new species, often based upon limited fossil evidence non-existent According to your text, early australopithecines, represented by the fossil known as "Lucy" are called: Question 30 options: Australopithecus africanus Australopithecus boisei Australopithecus robustus Australopithecus afarensis According to your text, paleoanthropologists suggest that the fossil forms called immediately precede the genus Homo. Question 14 options: Aegyptopithecus Australopithecus The site of Zhoukoudian is remarkable for: Question 15 options:The presence of both Australopithecine and Homo erectus remains The presence of Oldowan tools Evidence of the use of fire by Homo erectus A sagittal crest is: Question 16 options: Only present in some nonhuman primates A characteristic of some "robust" australopithecines A raised ridge of bone running along the midline of the cranium for the attachment of muscles Not present in any hominin fossils B and C only Which of the following is NOT a basic feature of hunter-gatherers in the generalized foraging model? Question 30 options: a) low population density b) a minimum of food storage c) highly territorial d) flux in band composition Medical anthropology mainly draws upon which subfields of anthropology Which of the following would be an example of culture/cultural behaviour? Question 45 options: a) Eating cereal for lunchb) Eating cereal for breakfast c) Putting on blue lipstick d) Attending a religious ritual e) All of the above If an anthropologist was to compare the religious beliefs of contemporary Maya and Navajo peoples, then they might be characterized as a/an: Question 46 options: a) Design anthropologist b) Holistic anthropologist c) Fieldmonger d) Ethnologist e) Spiritualist Researchers who study non-human primate behaviour are called Question 43 options: a) anthropologists, not primatologists b) primatologists and anthropologistsc) primatologists, not anthropologists d) primatologists or zoologists In Chapter 5 of the textbook, the author illustrates the development of masculine identity among Latino/Dominican students. Which of the following behaviours is described as part of this process? Question 39 options: a) Listening to music by wholesome-like singers. b) Keeping details about their own pubertal development to themselves. c) Driving around in fast cars. d) Discussion of penises and referring to male classmates as girls or feminine. In her study of gender among three tribes in New Guinea (also called Papua New Guinea), Margaret Mead was able to demonstrate that: Question 38 options: a) Gender is the by-product of biology b) Gender roles are universal c) Gender roles are not universal d) Gender and sexuality are two distinct phenomena What, according to Judith Butler, who developed the gender as performance theory, which statement is not true about gender?Question 36 options: a) An assault on gender is an assault on democracy. b) What it is to be a man or woman is pre-determined. c) We have a say in our gender identities. d) Everyone has a theory of what gender should be. On sites dating to approximately 10-11,500 years old in the Middle East, who made circular, subterranean structures to live in? Question 32 options: Mesopotamians Denisovans Neanderthals Natufians Egyptians All of the following regions provide archaeological evidence for domestication EXCEPT: Question 33 options: Australia Eastern North America China Southwestern Asia As an archaeologist, if you find sickle blades and pottery on an 11,000 year old site in the Middle East, then this may indicate: Question 29 options:a) the development of a hierarchical religious complex b) that the society is about to collapse c) a strictly hunting and gathering mode of subsistence d) either a transition toward agriculture, or the full adoption of it Which of the following diseases show up on skeletons in greater frequency on early agricultural sites? Question 27 options: Epiphyses Dental abscesses Extraneous molar growth Fractures of the talus (part of the ankle joint) B and D only According to analyses of their bones, dental calculus, and fecal samples, Neanderthals are thought by anthropologists to eat which types of foods? Question 23 options: Which of the following is true about non-human primate diets? Question 18 options: The Denisovans were contemporaneous with: Question 20 options: a) They are diverse. a) Mostly meat with some plant foodsAustralopithecines Paranthropus Neanderthals List these tool technologies in chronological order, from oldest to most recent: Question 29 options: Mousterian, Oldowan, Acheulian Oldowan, Acheulian, Mousterian Aurignacian, Neanderthal tools, Homo sapiens tools Montalbanian, Acheulian, Mousterian Acheulian, Oldowan, Mousterian What type of evolution is characteristic of hominin evolution and biological change? Question 27 options: sociobiological mosaic social biocultural The fossils that we have of Homo erectus tell us that, compared with earlier hominins like Australopithecus afarensis, Homo erectus was much better at: Question 19 options: Walking long distances Brachiating through trees Manipulating small objects Digging yamsNone of the above Hegemonic femininity can involve disciplining the body. In which of the following ways are female bodies disciplined? Question 18 options: a) through dieting culture b) staying quiet or submissive in behaviour c) obeying the norms of society and not protesting d) all of the above According to anthropologists, which of the following statements about gender equality are true? Question 17 options: a) Women and men need to be the same to be equal. b) The subordination of women may be more recent due to the emergence of warfare as societies beca more complex and the introduction of capitalism and market economies. c) Women are universally subordinated because of the dichotomy between nature and culture. d) Women's status is usually higher when they are solely responsible for childcare. Some anthropologists see value in combining sex and gender into terms Gender/Sex or Sex/Gender becuase... Question 16 options: a) Sex and gender are basically the same thing.b) Sex and gender are concepts that are entangled and can influence one another. c) Anthropologists think that gender is determined by the biological sex of an individual. d) All of the above. Which of the following statements about the !Kung San hunter-gatherers is NOT true? Question 6 options: a) Gathering plant foods was shown to be more important to their diet compared to hunting. b) Women, as gatherers, were important contributors to the overall energy intake. c) Ethnographic research about the !Kung San supported the idea through ethnographic analogy that role of men as hunters was pivotal to human evolution. d) The !Kung people had high dietary diversity with over 100 edible plant foods. Which of the following statements is true about Homo erectus? Question 7 options: a) They probably scavenged because their tools were not sophisticated enough for organized hunting. b) Their brain size (cranial capacity) is about the same as that of Homo habilis. c) Their fossils have only been found in Africa. d) They probably hunted in an organized manner and may have cooked their food. Which of the following was not a consequence of agriculture for humanity?Question 8 options: a) Destruction of the environment b) Rise of less stratified (less egalitarian) societies c) Decrease in epidemic diseases d) Changed diets Which of the following was not a consequence of agriculture for humanity? Question 4 options: a) Changed diets b) Rise of more egalitarian (less stratified) societies c) Destruction of the environment d) Rise in epidemic diseases What subsistence strategy dominated the Upper Paleolithic? Question 5 options: Foraging There was no dominant form of subsistence during the Upper Paleolithic Pastoralism Agriculture How can an archaeologist tell the difference between wild and domesticated wheat? Question 6 options:Domesticated wheat is smaller in size Domesticated wheat is often found inside people's homes and in hearths; wild wheat is not Domesticated wheat has a tough rachis Domesticated wheat has a brittle rachis Which of the following statements about the genus Homo is NOT true? Question 9 options: Which of the following types of data have enabled anthropologists to reconstruct our hominin ancestors’ diets? Question 10 options: a) Isotopic (chemical) analysis of their skeletal or dental remains b) Ethnographic analogy c) Analysis of the paleofauna and flora d) All of the above Some anthropologists see value in combining sex and gender into terms Gender/Sex or a) They were the first hominins to move bipedally and eat meat. b) It is represented today only by one species, Homo sapiens, though there were many species of Homo the past. c) It first appeared approximately 2.5 million years ago and were the first hominins to make stone tool d) Many of the species in the genus had larger brains (larger cranial capacity) compared to ear Australopithecines.Sex/Gender because... Question 11 options: a) Sex and gender are basically the same thing. c) Anthropologists think that gender is determined by the biological sex of an individual. d) All of the above. As discussed in class and/or in the textbook, which of the following is NOT an example of a ritual where gender is performed? Question 12 options: a) engagement in public physical challenges b) the quinceañera c) beauty contests In Chapter 5 of the textbook, the author illustrates the development of masculine identity among Dominican and Puerto Rican students. Which of the following behaviours is described as part of this process? Question 13 options: b) Driving around in fast cars. b) Sex and gender are concepts that are entangled and can influence one another. d) extramarital sex a) Discussion of penises and referring to male classmates as girls or feminine.c) Keeping details about their own pubertal development to themselves. d) Listening to music by wholesome singers. Which attributes of the feminine gender are considered stereotypical in Western societies? Question 14 options: a) visual-spatial and verbal b) verbal and emotional c) provider and nurturer d) competitive and emotional According to what we learned in class, men having sex with men/boys was considered... Question 15 options: a) an institutionalized or ritualized practice in places like ancient Greece and among ethnic groups in Pa New Guinea. b) to be something that has only occurred in human societies in recent history. c) acceptable in pro-natalist societies (those that seek to increase the population). d) to be common and accepted as part of normal sexual behaviour among the Aka, hunter-gatherers in Republic of Congo and the Central African Republic. Hegemonic femininity can involve disciplining the body. In which of the following ways are female bodies disciplined? Question 16 options:a) through dieting culture b) staying quiet or submissive in behaviour c) obeying the norms of society and not protesting d) All of the above According to Judith Butler, who developed the gender as performance theory, which statement is NOT true about gender? Question 17 options: a) We have a say in our gender identities. b) Everyone has a theory of what gender should be. c) An assault on gender is an assault on democracy. d) What it is to be a man or woman is pre-determined. According to what we learned in this course, hegemonic gender norms can affect people through which of the following ways? Question 18 options: a) They make it easier for people to know how to behave according to their gender. b) They allow for some stability in a constantly changing social environment. c) They allow people to figure out which careers they should pursue based on their particular gender.According to anthropologists, which of the following statements about the performance of sexuality is true? Question 19 options: a) It is determined by biology. b) Sexual restrictiveness and tolerance of homosexuality vary by culture. c) Same sex sexuality was not present in any past societies because it was considered amoral. d) All of the above. Which of the following was NOT discussed in class as an example of ways that sexuality is performed in different cultures? Question 20 options: a) Chukchi men engaging in sex with the host's wife while visiting another household b) Christian missionaries believed that sexual intercourse between men and women could only happen f to face with the man on top. c) Adult men mentoring adolescent boys in social and sexual adulthood in ancient Greece d) Boys engaging in sexual practices with adult men as part of manhood initiation in some ethnic group Papua New Guinea and Melanesia You might find an anthropologists studying the following: Question 21 options: d) They can oppress people who feel they can't live up to the standards of the gender with which t identify.a) Marine biologists with undersea labs b) Artisanal cheese makers c) The artifacts from a sunken Spanish ship in the Mediterranean sea d) All of the above According to chapter 1 of the textbook, two anthropologists who travelled to Cameroon to do fieldwork were surprised because... Question 22 options: a) the people in Cameroon wanted to share their food with them. b) people in Cameroon had social relations that were based on their work in cocoa industry. c) their night watchman wanted to collect termites from their veranda. d) the people they worked with told them details about their lives that were intimate. Which of the following is NOT a reason why students should study anthropology? Question 23 options: a) Concepts and knowledge gleaned from anthropology may enable students to find practical applicati for dealing with issues of ethnic diversity on a daily basis. b) Anthropology may help students develop better critical thinking skills and be more critical analytical when examining their own culture. c) Anthropology students will develop more global awareness and be better prepared for the cultu diversity they will encounter in the workplace.A paleoanthropologist would study: Question 14 options: a) The remains of a deceased individual from a 50 year-old crime scene b) Human evolution c) Dinosaur bones d) Contemporary culture histories e) Ancient architecture Which anthropologist explored how heavy metal music affects North American culture? Question 18 options: Owen Simple Michel Bouchard Christine Schreyer Sam Dunn Friederich von Hamsbie Which of the following statements is true about Hijras? Question 20 options: d) Anthropology students will learn to be more ethnocentric and will better appreciate the morals values held only by members of their own culture. a) Today they have low status but in the past they were often invited to be part of Hindu rituals celebrat important family events.b) They are also known as Travestis. c) They live throughout Samoa. d) They are considered to be gay men. Which of the following activities would an applied anthropologist most likely NOT be involved in? Question 24 options: a) Working at Microsoft to help the company understand how technology can be more effective for yo women of colour. b) Providing background information to First Nations and government agencies during land clai negotiations c) Persuading Indigenous healers to discard their traditional methods of treating illness in favor of mod medicine. d) Conducting participant observation in an immigrant resettlement organization to understand what s of supports immigrants most need when they arrive in Canada. Which of the following statements about agriculture is untrue? Question 9 options: a) Rice and millet were first cultivated in China about 8,000 years ago b) The wild varieties of most domesticated plant species are usually much smaller than the domestica varieties.c) Some of the earliest domesticated plants come from the Levant region (the Fertile Crescent) in wha now known as the Middle East. d) The origins of agriculture in the Levant region (now the Middle East) was a model for the practice was exported out to people in other regions of the world who copied it. Which of the following is NOT one of the four main subfields of anthropology? Question 25 options: a) archaeology b) biological anthropology c) sociocultural anthropology d) applied anthropology In North America, most individuals would not consider pizza to be appropriate for breakfast, but would happily consume it for lunch or dinner. From an anthropological perspective, what does this demonstrate? Question 26 options: a) That pizza preparation takes a long time and would not make for an efficient morning meal. b) That food, and its appropriate edibility and meaning, are culturally constructed. c) That North American culture does not appreciate the food value of pizza d) That for biological reasons, pizza does not digest well until later in the day. In the video about careers in anthropology assigned in week 1, they state that:Question 27 options: a) 60% of anthropologists are evenly split between careers in the non-profit work, government work, self employment b) almost no anthropologists are employed in private for profit businesses c) anthropologists rarely work on policy or in the government but they are very commonly employed by corporations like Google because of their expertise in culture and technology. d) forensic anthropologists can only work as professors and are not hired by law enforcment agencies. Which of the following best exemplifies the concept of cultural relativism? Question 28 options: a) Sarah moves to India to study and immerse herself in the culture of young Hindu adults. b) Natasha moves to Italy but never puts in the effort to learn Italian. c) Kevin believes that all people living in Canada should speak French fluently, because French is nation's most significant language. d) Carly moves to China but refuses to respect or follow their rules and culture. Which of the following anthropologists might engage in field work? Question 29 options: a) sociocultural anthropologists b) linguistic anthropologistsc) biological anthropologists d) All of the above. Which anthropologist shown in class did an ethnography of heavy metal music which was later turned into a documentary film? Question 30 options: a) Michel Bouchard b) Owen Simple c) Christine Schreyer d) Sam Dunn What are secondary sex characteristics? Question 31 options: a) Physical characteristics that exist in both sexes b) Physical characteristics that make someone more desirable sexually c) Physical differences between the sexes that occur later in life after middle adulthood. d) Physical characteristics that differ between the sexes that are not directly related to reproduction As discussed in lecture, one of the reasons why a woman may become a sworn virgin is: Question 46 options: Because a family does not have any sons, and sworn virgins can inherit propertyBecause a family needs to emigrate to another region of Albania Because their religion dictates that every fourth generation in a family must have a sworn virgin None of the above reasons Turner's syndrome occurs when females possess: Question 47 options: XY chromosomes Only one X chromosome XYY chromosomes XXY chromosomes Sororities are typically examples of: Question 48 options: Hegemonic femininity Heterosexual feminization theory Hegemonic sexualization Sororal femininity In the documentary film set in Hawai’i, the term refers to individuals who are considered to possess both male and female energy. The young protagonist named is a student who is navigating their place in school in this “middle” category. They refer to themselves as a , literally “Boy-Girl/ Girl-Boy”. Question 50 options: a) Māhu, Ho 'onani, Kāne-wahine / Wahine-kāne b) Melemele, Mo'aka, iluna-ilalo/ ilalo-iluna c) Kumu, Hina, Māla iwi kupunad) Nuiu, Kira, 'Ae 'a'ole/ 'A'ole' ae Sex is better understood as a continuum because... Question 49 options: a) the idea of a dichotomy in sex is what is seen in nature. b) Western culture invented science and it is deeply committed to the idea that there are only two sexe c) some individuals express physical sex characteristics are not entirely on either side of the binary. d) of all of the above reasons What, according to Matthew Gutman, contributed to female subordination in his 1990's study of masculinity in a poor neighbourhood in Mexico City? Question 45 options: having pets full-time employment for women having more than three children per family machismo Next Page What is Simone de Beauvoir's main argument in the "Second Sex"? Question 44 options: That adolescent boys are subordinate to women That egalitarian societies, like hunters and gatherers, exist That men and women are equal in Indigenous societies of the Americas That women are universally subordinate to menWhat are secondary sex characteristics? Question 43 options: Physical characteristics the exist in both sexes Physical differences not directly related to reproduction The physical characteristics which make someone more desirable sexually Changes surrounding the sex organs and hormones Extreme sexual dimorphism is not always the case for orangutans in the wild because of which of the following discoveries? Question 32 options: a) Adult female orangs are on average bigger than adult male orangs. b) For all non-human primates sexual dimorphism only occurs in zoos. c) Adult male orangs don't always grow big and develop huge flanges on their faces. d) Sexual dimorphism is socially constructed. While it is popularly believed that testosterone causes aggression and violent behaviour, as learnt in this course, what observation challenges this assumption? Question 33 options: a) Females do not have any testosterone and therefore are less aggressive than males. b) Male bonobos and male chimps are similarly aggressive towards other members of their troop and th because they have high levels of testosterone. c) There is proof that all males are more aggressive than females because they have higher levels testosterone.Indigenous people who identify or perform roles that are distinct from dichotomous feminine or masculine roles or identities are referred to by Indigenous people as ? Question 34 options: a) two-spirits b) homosexuals c) berdache d) all of the above names Which of the following statements is NOT true about two-spirited people? Question 35 options: a) They participate in roles and activities that differed from their biological sex as defined at birth. b) They exist among approximately 150 Indigenous societies. c) The were accepted by Christian missionaries and colonizers as an important part of Indigenous societ d) In Navajo society they often occupy roles as spiritual healers and leaders. The bonobos sex can be described as... Question 36 options: a) exclusively heterosexual. d) There is cross-cultural variation in male aggression that is affected by more than male testoster levels.b) a behaviour used to build networks and calm tensions about resources. c) a behaviour that is mostly practiced for reproductive purposes. d) similar to the way chimps do it. Which of the following ways of governing sexual activity can be found in most human societies? Question 37 options: a) marriage b) incest taboo c) cultural rules and expectations d) All of the above. The sworn virgins of the Balkans were... Question 38 options: a) women who did not have heterosexual intercourse and adopted male roles in order to have more right their society. b) spiritual leaders in the Christian church. c) men who took a vow of chastity (i.e. refrained from all sexual intercourse). d) intersex people who always identified as males. Which form of marriage in human societies is currently least common?Question 39 options: a) polygyny b) polygamy c) polyandry d) monogamy Biological distinctions such as the chromosomal, hormonal or physical differences between males and females is referred to as: Question 40 options: a) Gender Performativity b) Gender c) Sexuality d) Sex According to the textbook, anthropologists have more recently begun to study gender inequality in which of the following ways? Question 41 options: a) Recognizing the connection between colonialism and anthropology, and questioning anthropologi authority to represent peoples' lives. b) Studying masculinity and the ideas and practices of manhood.c) Privileging the voices of marginalized women. d) All of the above. Which of the following ideas is correctly associated with the fourth wave of feminism? Question 42 options: a) the notion that women are destined to be unequal to men because of their biology b) intersectionality, a recognition of gender rights beyond the binary, and the need to recognize gen violence c) the belief that only white women can be feminists d) the belief that trans women are not real women Which of the following statements about sexual violence in Canada is true? Question 43 options: a) It is less likely to affect Indigenous, racialized, 2STLGBQIA+, northern/rural/remote residents. b) Sexual violence is systemic, i.e., it's not just about particular people who commit acts of sexual viole but rather a failure of systems to prevent and protect people from sexual violence. c) 97% of perpetrators of sexual violence are men and therefore men are not victims of sexual violenc d) More than 50% of sexual assaults in postsecondary institutions (colleges and universities) take plac the end of the academic year when students are starting to unwind. Intersectionality is best defined as... Question 44 options:Prior to the arrival of settlers in North America, Haudenosaunee women had more equality compared to European settlers because... Question 45 options: a) they held political positions as clan mothers. b) they had less restrictive clothing. c) they chose their chief. d) All of the above are correct. According to what we learned in class, some archaeologists have used feminist and queer theory to challenge which assumption related to figurines depicting women that are dated to Upper Paleolithic, the so-called "Venus" statues? Question 46 options: a) The assumption that they were used to induce fertility. b) The assumption that they were fakes. a) The recognition that we must look beyond the gender binary to consider other gender identities like n binary. b) The recognition that there are multiple intersecting factors (e.g. race, class, and disability) that contrib to inequalities. c) A recognition that a society where men and women are most egalitarian is one where they are often separate spheres but are equal in the ways they intersect. d) The recognition that women are assigned to a nature that intersects with their ability to have and f babies.c) The assumption that they were made by men. d) The assumption that they depict feminine figures. Which of the following statements about sexual violence is false? Question 47 options: a) Individuals who experience sexual violence recover on similar timelines. b) Sexual harassment is a violation of both the Human Rights Code in Ontario and the Sexual Viole Policy at McMaster. c) Anyone, regardless of gender identity, can perpetrate or experience sexual violence. d) Sexual violence is gendered and intersects with other forms of oppression. According to what was said in lecture, women's status in a society is often higher in which situations? Question 48 options: a) When women do not produce the majority of food as in hunter-gatherer societies where most of the f is produced by men through hunting. b) Where women are not solely responsible for childcare such as in Scandinavia where fathers are requi to take parental leave. c) Where women are mostly responsible for childcare and are granted generous maternity leaves. d) All of the above are true.According to a survey of adults in India, as discussed in class, which of the following statements is true? Question 49 options: a) The majority disagree with the notion that wives should obey their husbands. b) The majority agree that wives should obey their husbands and see men as better political leaders t women. c) The majority see women and men as equally good political leaders. d) The majority see men as better political leaders than women. Debate in anthropology about the origins of women's inequality centered around which of the following points? Question 50 options: a) Anthropologists from developing or so-called "Third World" countries and Black anthropologists arg that White women have different priorities. b) Gender is one factor among many when considering inequalities. c) Genders are more egalitarian in hunter-gatherer societies. d) Women's lower status is universal because women are assigned to "nature" and men to "cultu (civilization).