NR 658 Final Exam Questions and
Answers 2025/2026 Already Graded A+
Database - ANS-a storage system used to query, manipulate, and analyze tabular data
Four components of a GIS - ANS-Hardware
Software
People!!
Spatial Data
Topology - ANS-Whats next to what and what is connected to what
Hierarchical Database - ANS-1:1 parent/ child
Secure, restricted paths
Network Database - ANS-multiple parents/child
flexible
complex
Relational Database - ANS-USED IN GIS
flexible
Boolean Algebra - ANS-AND
OR
NOT
Attribute data - ANS-tables of nominal data
color
type
ratio
linked to spatial data
Spatial Data - ANS-location
coordinates
Raster - ANS-Advantages:
simple data structures
easy overlay
inexpensive
, Disadvantages:
Lacks detail
takes up a lot of storage
not visually appealing
Topology is implicit because of the Cartesian Coordinate System
Vector - ANS-Advantages:
visually appealing
uses less data
detailed
disadvantages:
expensive
difficult to overlay
Topology must be created
Storing vector data - ANS-spaghetti model- complex/confusing
topological model- shows interconnections
arc node, very powerful
Storing raster data - ANS-full length
chain coding
run length
block coding
quadtree
geodesy - ANS-science of measuring the shape of the earth
coordinate systems - ANS-Latitude / Longitude - unprojected
UTM - Global
State Plane - per state
datum - ANS-established standard from which measurements are made
North American datum:
NAD 83
NAD 27
World Geographic Survey:
WGS 84
Answers 2025/2026 Already Graded A+
Database - ANS-a storage system used to query, manipulate, and analyze tabular data
Four components of a GIS - ANS-Hardware
Software
People!!
Spatial Data
Topology - ANS-Whats next to what and what is connected to what
Hierarchical Database - ANS-1:1 parent/ child
Secure, restricted paths
Network Database - ANS-multiple parents/child
flexible
complex
Relational Database - ANS-USED IN GIS
flexible
Boolean Algebra - ANS-AND
OR
NOT
Attribute data - ANS-tables of nominal data
color
type
ratio
linked to spatial data
Spatial Data - ANS-location
coordinates
Raster - ANS-Advantages:
simple data structures
easy overlay
inexpensive
, Disadvantages:
Lacks detail
takes up a lot of storage
not visually appealing
Topology is implicit because of the Cartesian Coordinate System
Vector - ANS-Advantages:
visually appealing
uses less data
detailed
disadvantages:
expensive
difficult to overlay
Topology must be created
Storing vector data - ANS-spaghetti model- complex/confusing
topological model- shows interconnections
arc node, very powerful
Storing raster data - ANS-full length
chain coding
run length
block coding
quadtree
geodesy - ANS-science of measuring the shape of the earth
coordinate systems - ANS-Latitude / Longitude - unprojected
UTM - Global
State Plane - per state
datum - ANS-established standard from which measurements are made
North American datum:
NAD 83
NAD 27
World Geographic Survey:
WGS 84
