PHI 105 Exam with complete solutions latest version.

PHI 105 Exam with complete solutions
latest version



Deductive (deduction) - CORRECT ANSWER-The conclusion follows without
doubt from the premises. Makes the implicit explicit. Does not expand our
knowledge

Induction - CORRECT ANSWER-There is doubt and risk but new knowledge can
be found. The scientific method is based on inductive reasoning

Toulmin Model - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Where you start (Observations/Grounds)
2. Claim

Validity - CORRECT ANSWER-The internal coherence of a deductive argument

Truth - CORRECT ANSWER-Whether the things spoken of in the deductive
argument actually exist

Soundness - CORRECT ANSWER-A characteristic of a deductive argument in
which the argument is both internally coherent and true

Syllogism - CORRECT ANSWER-A form of deductive reasoning consisting of a
major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion

Categorical syllogism - CORRECT ANSWER-A syllogism in which the argument
consists of claims about classes or groups or things

What are the three categorical prepositions? - CORRECT ANSWER-Two premises
and one conclusion

Premise - CORRECT ANSWER-Makes a statement connecting two classes of
things together by means of a third class

Conclusion - CORRECT ANSWER-The third statement of a syllogism, unpacks
what is already in the first two statements taken together

What are the primary categorical terms? - CORRECT ANSWER-Major, minor, and
middle

All men (1) are mortal (2) - CORRECT ANSWER-Toulmin Model

Middle term - CORRECT ANSWER-The bridging term found in both of the first two
statements

, Major premise - CORRECT ANSWER-The first part of a syllogism, consisting of a
general statement about the subject of your argument

Minor premise - CORRECT ANSWER-A statement about a specific case related to
the general characteristics of the major premise

Predicate - CORRECT ANSWER-The term connected with the major premise
(major term) and the second term of the conclusion; junior term, modifies subject

Subject - CORRECT ANSWER-The term connected with the minor premise (minor
term) and the second term of the conclusion; primary or governing term

Copula - CORRECT ANSWER-Connects the subject to the predicate, some form
of the verb "to be"

Universal - CORRECT ANSWER-Quantity of statement - the entire group or class

Particular - CORRECT ANSWER-Quantity of statement - any amount that is not
the entire group or class

Affirmative - CORRECT ANSWER-Quality of statement - positive

Negative - CORRECT ANSWER-Quality of statement - negative

Distributed - CORRECT ANSWER-If we are talking about all of the term

Undistributed - CORRECT ANSWER-If we aren't talking about all of the term

Types of statements are symbolized by... - CORRECT ANSWER-A, E, I, O

A statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Universal affirmative ("All S(d) is P(u)")

E statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Universal negative ("No S(d) is P(u)" or "All
S(d) is not P(u)"

I statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Particular affirmative ("Some S(u) is P(u)")

O statement - CORRECT ANSWER-Particular negative ("Some S(u) is not P(d)")

Statement example key - CORRECT ANSWER-S = Senior Term
P = Predicate Term
d = Distributed
u = Undistributed

Distribution Rules of Thumb - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Only three (distinct) terms
2. Middle term distribution = 1 (two instances, in premises, one distributed and
one undistributed)
3. Minor/major distribution = 2 (both can be distributed or undistributed)