ls15 final ucla phelan
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h4cy7c
1. dawn ashworth and lynda mann murders: one man confessed only to the
second murder
alec jeffreys investigating how to test for DNA - 1985
found that perpetrators of the crime were the same, but it wasn't the guy who
confessed
got voluntary blood and saliva samples
colin pitchfork
2. fingerprint for crime identification: has been in use for hundreds of years
good for property ones
turn into numerical code based on these parts
3. why are we interested in dna fingerprinting?: real fingerprints not left behind
in many crimes
they are essentially unique
4. real fingerprints are: entirely unique
5. dna fingerprinting uses: solve unsolvable crimes
resolve paternity issues
can prove innocence of people unjustly convicted
immigration
6. dna is: a long sequence of letters that carry the info of how to build molecules for
the body
7. A or T, G or C: match up
8. how much "spelling" difference is there between individuals?: 99.9% of it
exactly the same
different enough: 3 M diff base pairs
9. on average, indiv differ in their dna sequence at: 0.1% of their bases: 3M
differences out of 3B base pairs
10. blood: can isolate cells that came from perpetrators, get to repeating parts,
indication - random population to compare to
11. short tandem repeats (STRs): repeating units, usually 4-5 nucleotides long
diff alleles may repeat different amount of times
call it a locus: location on chromosome
noncoding - doesn't code for any product, protein, built, etc. "junk dna"
12. nucleotides: A, T, C, G
13. supposed there are 10 alleles for str 1, each with the same frequency in
the population. what is the likelihood that a random person has the same
genotype as the perpetrator's DNA found at a crime scene?: 1/100 (why???)
14. homozygous: has to inherit same allele, same for STRs
10, 10 x 12, 14 not homozygous if 10 12 or 10 14
, ls15 final ucla phelan
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h4cy7c
15. more questions about possible STR allele combos: cross them like a punnett
suqare still
16. for an str locus -> many (2 or 3 dozen or even more!): alleles exist within the
population, but each individual can only have two of them
17. many individuals have different: STR loci: at different pace and how many of
them
18. creating a DNA fingerprint: 1. dna fragment containing each STR region is
amplified. results in huge numbers of those fragments
2. fragments separated by size, using electrophoresis
3. str region is stained on gel
19. US combined DNA index system (CODIS) database includes: 20 STR, scat-
tered across human genome.
20. human paternity testing: analyzing 1 locus
what do the bands represent?
- represent fragment that's been cut on each side, amount of distance related to how
many repeats there are.
which pair of people are the parents of each?
21. dna fingerprinting challenges and controversies: 1. overlap of strs
2. how many strs should we compare?
3. how likely is a match? multiply 4 probabilities of matching 1 band by each other.
-> can juries understand this?
4. are there subpopulation differences? does it matter if every person within a
subpopulation has the same alleles for an str? why?
5. do humans make mistakes?
6. how sure do we wanna be?
22. what are some things that living systems need?: fuel
1. raw materials for growth
2. energy to do things that won't happen spontaneously (ex: walking, growing new
tissue, adding muscle mass, reproduction)
23. fuel comes from: energy stored in chemical bonds
24. who creates energy initially?: photosynthetic organisms
25. how to release energy: breaking bonds that are lower
26. photosynthesis: put energy in from the sun, building up bonds in carbs that are
later converted
27. photosynthesis is like: eating in reverse
28. what is doing "work": breaking bonds and reforming new bonds releases
energy that can be harnessed to do "work"
, ls15 final ucla phelan
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h4cy7c
29. how do we power machines?: gasoline and many other fuels
but for our purposes: break the bond, form a bond at lower energy, harness extra
energy to do stuff
30. hydrocarbons: molecules with chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (5-12
carbons)
31. car engines: combust hydrocarbons, forming new bonds, releasing energy that
can be harnessed
32. examples: heptane (gasoline) has 16 Hs, methane has 4 Hs, propane has 8 Hs
33. biofuels: are natural oils from plants, or sugar/starches modified into ethanol
still Hs connected to carbon that are going to combust somehow. they have different
outcomes
34. lipids: not water soluble
major storehouses of energy
good insulators
for storing and generating useful energy
35. molecules in dirt have chemical bonds. why don't we eat dirt?: it doesn't...
36. major types of lipids: fats/triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
37. storing extra energy: liquid is the most efficient form
ex: seals, sumo wrestlers
38. lipids in our diet: usually in the form of fats and triglycerides
39. triglyceride example: tristearin: triglyceride derived from 3 stearic acid mole-
cules, obtain from animal fats and some plant fats, solid at room temp
40. what's the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?: depends on
whether there are double bonds in hydrocarbon tail
saturated fats can pack together densely with the double bond. enzymes less likely
to get in there and more likely to shove it into a fat cell
in unsaturated fats, the fatty acid tails "bend out", they can't pack
41. unsaturated fat: contains double bond in at least 1 of the fatty acids
more common in plants and fish oils
less dense structure, liquid at room temp
more reactive because allows more reactions since it's not packed, so enzymes can
get in there
liquid at room temperature
most fish/plant fats are unsaturated: canola oil, olive oil
42. saturated fats: solid at room temperature
most mammal fats are saturated: bacon grease, lard, butter
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h4cy7c
1. dawn ashworth and lynda mann murders: one man confessed only to the
second murder
alec jeffreys investigating how to test for DNA - 1985
found that perpetrators of the crime were the same, but it wasn't the guy who
confessed
got voluntary blood and saliva samples
colin pitchfork
2. fingerprint for crime identification: has been in use for hundreds of years
good for property ones
turn into numerical code based on these parts
3. why are we interested in dna fingerprinting?: real fingerprints not left behind
in many crimes
they are essentially unique
4. real fingerprints are: entirely unique
5. dna fingerprinting uses: solve unsolvable crimes
resolve paternity issues
can prove innocence of people unjustly convicted
immigration
6. dna is: a long sequence of letters that carry the info of how to build molecules for
the body
7. A or T, G or C: match up
8. how much "spelling" difference is there between individuals?: 99.9% of it
exactly the same
different enough: 3 M diff base pairs
9. on average, indiv differ in their dna sequence at: 0.1% of their bases: 3M
differences out of 3B base pairs
10. blood: can isolate cells that came from perpetrators, get to repeating parts,
indication - random population to compare to
11. short tandem repeats (STRs): repeating units, usually 4-5 nucleotides long
diff alleles may repeat different amount of times
call it a locus: location on chromosome
noncoding - doesn't code for any product, protein, built, etc. "junk dna"
12. nucleotides: A, T, C, G
13. supposed there are 10 alleles for str 1, each with the same frequency in
the population. what is the likelihood that a random person has the same
genotype as the perpetrator's DNA found at a crime scene?: 1/100 (why???)
14. homozygous: has to inherit same allele, same for STRs
10, 10 x 12, 14 not homozygous if 10 12 or 10 14
, ls15 final ucla phelan
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h4cy7c
15. more questions about possible STR allele combos: cross them like a punnett
suqare still
16. for an str locus -> many (2 or 3 dozen or even more!): alleles exist within the
population, but each individual can only have two of them
17. many individuals have different: STR loci: at different pace and how many of
them
18. creating a DNA fingerprint: 1. dna fragment containing each STR region is
amplified. results in huge numbers of those fragments
2. fragments separated by size, using electrophoresis
3. str region is stained on gel
19. US combined DNA index system (CODIS) database includes: 20 STR, scat-
tered across human genome.
20. human paternity testing: analyzing 1 locus
what do the bands represent?
- represent fragment that's been cut on each side, amount of distance related to how
many repeats there are.
which pair of people are the parents of each?
21. dna fingerprinting challenges and controversies: 1. overlap of strs
2. how many strs should we compare?
3. how likely is a match? multiply 4 probabilities of matching 1 band by each other.
-> can juries understand this?
4. are there subpopulation differences? does it matter if every person within a
subpopulation has the same alleles for an str? why?
5. do humans make mistakes?
6. how sure do we wanna be?
22. what are some things that living systems need?: fuel
1. raw materials for growth
2. energy to do things that won't happen spontaneously (ex: walking, growing new
tissue, adding muscle mass, reproduction)
23. fuel comes from: energy stored in chemical bonds
24. who creates energy initially?: photosynthetic organisms
25. how to release energy: breaking bonds that are lower
26. photosynthesis: put energy in from the sun, building up bonds in carbs that are
later converted
27. photosynthesis is like: eating in reverse
28. what is doing "work": breaking bonds and reforming new bonds releases
energy that can be harnessed to do "work"
, ls15 final ucla phelan
Study online at https://quizlet.com/_h4cy7c
29. how do we power machines?: gasoline and many other fuels
but for our purposes: break the bond, form a bond at lower energy, harness extra
energy to do stuff
30. hydrocarbons: molecules with chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms (5-12
carbons)
31. car engines: combust hydrocarbons, forming new bonds, releasing energy that
can be harnessed
32. examples: heptane (gasoline) has 16 Hs, methane has 4 Hs, propane has 8 Hs
33. biofuels: are natural oils from plants, or sugar/starches modified into ethanol
still Hs connected to carbon that are going to combust somehow. they have different
outcomes
34. lipids: not water soluble
major storehouses of energy
good insulators
for storing and generating useful energy
35. molecules in dirt have chemical bonds. why don't we eat dirt?: it doesn't...
36. major types of lipids: fats/triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
37. storing extra energy: liquid is the most efficient form
ex: seals, sumo wrestlers
38. lipids in our diet: usually in the form of fats and triglycerides
39. triglyceride example: tristearin: triglyceride derived from 3 stearic acid mole-
cules, obtain from animal fats and some plant fats, solid at room temp
40. what's the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?: depends on
whether there are double bonds in hydrocarbon tail
saturated fats can pack together densely with the double bond. enzymes less likely
to get in there and more likely to shove it into a fat cell
in unsaturated fats, the fatty acid tails "bend out", they can't pack
41. unsaturated fat: contains double bond in at least 1 of the fatty acids
more common in plants and fish oils
less dense structure, liquid at room temp
more reactive because allows more reactions since it's not packed, so enzymes can
get in there
liquid at room temperature
most fish/plant fats are unsaturated: canola oil, olive oil
42. saturated fats: solid at room temperature
most mammal fats are saturated: bacon grease, lard, butter
