BIOL 2111L Lab Exam 3 Lab Guide

BIOL 2111L Lab Exam 3 Lab Guide EX 40: Anatomy of Urinary System  List and describe the functions of the urinary system Removal of nitrogenous wastes and drugs or toxins, maintain blood volume and concentration, pH regulation, blood pressure maintenance, rbc concentration, vitamin D production.  List and describe the functions of the organs of the urinary system (including the order that urine travels through them 2 Kidneys- remove substances from the blood, for urine, and help regular various metabolic processes. 2 Ureters- transport urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder Urinary bladder- saclike organ that serves as a urine reservoir, trigone, detrusor muscle Urethra- tube that transports urine to the outside of the body.  Identify the internal structures of the bladder Trigone and Detrusor Muscle  Identify the internal structures of both the male and female ureters Male urethras are a lot longer with more sections. Female urethras are shorter and closer to the female reproductive organ.  Describe and Identify the external structures of the kidney Reddish color, paired organs, size of a closed fist, located just above waist, Renal capsule, perirenal fat capsule, renal fascia.  Describe and Identify the internal structures of the kidney Renal cortex- light colored (outer area, cortical material between pyramids, contain nephrons) Renal medulla-dark colored layer (inner area and includes renal pyramids Nephrons- functional units of kidney Minor Calyx- funnel shaped, collects urine from collecting ducts Major Calyces- formed from minor calyces, join to form renal pelvis  Identify and describe the blood supply to and throughout the kidneys Renal artery Segmental arteries, Interlobar arteries Arcuate arteries Cortical radiate arteries Afferent arterioles Glomerulus Efferent arterioles Peritubular capillaries Cortical radiate veins Arcuate veins Interlobar veins Renal veins This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :51:46 GMT -05:00 Renal Corpuscle- glomerulus and glomerular capsule Renal Tubules- proximal convoluted tubule, ascending, loop, descending, distal convoluted tubule. Collecting duct  Compare and contrast the two types of nephrons Cortical- Typical, produces urine, mostly in cortex. Juxtamedullary- both cortex and medulla, vasa recta (network- counter current method of absorbing water to concentrate the urine), concentrates urine, secretion of renin.  Describe the 3 processes involved in urine production and where they take place Glomerular filtration- forceful movement of water (hydrostatic pressure), non-selective, everything small enough goes through. Tubular reabsorption- Renal tubules and collecting ducts. Fine tunes the filtrate, removes water and solutes from the filtrate, return it to the blood, simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, carrier-mediated transport, osmosis Tubular secretion- move solute from peritubular fluid back into kidney, backup system incase filtration doesn’t get everything out, assures removal of all wastes. EX 41: Urinalysis  Describe the normal characteristics of urine Color- Clear and pale yellow to amber Comes from urochrome. Variations are water concentration, foods, blood, drugs. Odor- Aromatic Ammonia like odor pH- 4.5-8.0 Average 6.0 Specific Gravity- 1.001-1.030 Low- dilute urine High- concentrated urine or kidney stones Water- 95% urine volume Nitrogenous wastes- urea, uric acid, creatine Normal solutes- sodium, potassium, phosphate, sulfate, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate ions.  Identify the tests performed in a typical urinalysis (like you did in lab) o Dipstick o Culture?  Identify what the normal results would be Dipstick o pH  5-9 o Specific Gravity  1.003-1.030 o Leukocytes, Esterase This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :51:46 GMT -05:00 o Nitrite  Negative o Protein  Negative o Glucose  Negative o Ketone  Negative o Bilirubin  Negative o Blood  Negative o Urobilinogen  Trace to 1 mg/dL  Identify the pathological reasons for abnormal results Glucose- inadequate insulin, uncontrolled diabetes Proteins- usually too big to pass through but albumin is most common. Usually from severe hypertension, ingestion of toxins, pregnancy, excessive physical exertion Ketone bodies- uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, low-carb diets. RBCs- kidney stones, tumors, trauma to urinary organs, damaged filtration membrane. Hemoglobin- hemolytic anemia, severe burns, poisonous snake bites, renal disease. Nitrates- UTIs Bile pigments- hepatitis, gallstones WBCs- UTIs  Identify and describe urinary sediments that can be found in urine Uric acid crystals Calcium oxalate crystals Cholesterol crystals Ammonium ureate crystals Calcium phosphate crystals Calcium carbonate crystals Epithelial cells RBC and WBC casts -leaking RBC, glomerulonephritis & kidney inflammation, UTI Granular cast Hyaline cast- high salt concentration, slow filtrate rate, pH imbalance EX 42: Male and Female Reproductive System  Describe and identify the common and gender specific structures found in the reproductive system and their functions Common: Produce Gametes This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :51:46 GMT -05:00 Accessory Glands External Genitalia Male: Testes Prostate gland, seminal gland, bulbourethral gland Epididymis Ductus (Vas) Deferens Penis Female: Ovaries Ovum Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Clitoris  Describe the functions of the reproductive system Produce Gametes Produce Semen (Men) Maintain Pregnancy (Female) Production and secretion of hormones Development of secondary sex characterists This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :51:46 GMT -05:00 Powered by TCPDF ()