BIOD 171 MODULE 2 EXAM WITH VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS FOR
EXAM PREPARATION WITH GUARANTEED PASS
What is cellular metabolism? - ANSWER- Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical
reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life
What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated? - ANSWER- Enzymes
speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction
and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that
in the absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are
active.
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? - ANSWER- Catabolism is the
process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources whereas anabolism is the
building up or biosynthesis od macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger
complexes, most often associated with cellular growth and repair
ATP has the energy to ______, while ADP has the capacity to ______ energy. - ANSWER-
Donate, accept
Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? - ANSWER-
Chemotrophs, which acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment, can
be divided into either organotrophs (removing electrons from organic molecules such as
glucose) or lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules
Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? - ANSWER- Chemotrophs use oxidative
phosphorylation (may also accept substrate level phosphorylation). Oxidative phosphorylation
utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP
What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose? - ANSWER- Glycolysis is the first
step of this process and yields 2 molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation (or respiration)
2 additional molecules of ATP can be produces. Last, the electron transport chain (ETC)
produces 34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation event at the plasma membrane.
, What are the reactants of glycolysis? - ANSWER- Reactants are defined as any molecules
present and involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction (ie) glycolysis. In terms of
writing out a chemical reaction, the reactants are everything located to the left of the arrow.
The reactants of glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme NAD+ and ATP.
How are the TCA and ETC related? - ANSWER- The end products of the Kreb's (TCA) cycle are
used to fuel the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb's cycle (TCA) produces an
abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), it fuels the ETC. As the electrons
are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron acceptors a proton motor force is
generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34 molecules of ATP can be produced.
In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways used to process alternative
sugar sources (fructose or lactose)? - ANSWER- No. Additional enzymatic steps are simply
required at the beginning of catabolism to convert complex sugars into usable forms of either
glucose or a glucose intermediate (glucose-6-phosphate)
Proteases are used to catabolize what? - ANSWER- Proteases are used to breakdown proteins
(whereas lipases are used to breakdown lipids)
Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is highest in energy? - ANSWER-
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all serve as potential energy sources in the absence of
sugar. Lipids are rich in energy, often having several reduced carbon molecules (high in
hydrogen content) that can be used in both the TCA and ETC cycles
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? - ANSWER- Photosynthesis, the process of
capturing sunlight and converting it into a usable energy source, occurs in the chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are double-membrane enclosed organelles. Each chloroplast contains the green
photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
What are the two main strategies for replenishing cellular concentrations of NAD+, and when
are these strategies utilized? - ANSWER- Fermentation and respiration are the two strategies
EXAM PREPARATION WITH GUARANTEED PASS
What is cellular metabolism? - ANSWER- Metabolism is a controlled set of biochemical
reactions that occur in living organisms in order to maintain life
What is the primary function of enzymes, and how are they regulated? - ANSWER- Enzymes
speed up chemical reactions. Most notably, the enzyme is not consumed during the reaction
and can be used repeatedly by the cell. Enzymes can also be regulated by a cofactor such that
in the absence of the proper cofactor, enzymes are inactive while in its presence enzymes are
active.
What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism? - ANSWER- Catabolism is the
process of breaking down larger molecules into useful energy sources whereas anabolism is the
building up or biosynthesis od macromolecules from smaller molecular units into larger
complexes, most often associated with cellular growth and repair
ATP has the energy to ______, while ADP has the capacity to ______ energy. - ANSWER-
Donate, accept
Chemotrophs can be subdivided into what two additional subgroups? - ANSWER-
Chemotrophs, which acquire energy from preformed chemicals found in the environment, can
be divided into either organotrophs (removing electrons from organic molecules such as
glucose) or lithotrophs, which remove electrons from inorganic molecules
Chemotrophs utilize which form of phosphorylation? - ANSWER- Chemotrophs use oxidative
phosphorylation (may also accept substrate level phosphorylation). Oxidative phosphorylation
utilizes the energy released by the chemical oxidation of nutrients to reform ATP
What are the three distinct stages in the catabolism of glucose? - ANSWER- Glycolysis is the first
step of this process and yields 2 molecules of ATP. Next, by either fermentation (or respiration)
2 additional molecules of ATP can be produces. Last, the electron transport chain (ETC)
produces 34 ATP via an oxidative phosphorylation event at the plasma membrane.
, What are the reactants of glycolysis? - ANSWER- Reactants are defined as any molecules
present and involved at the beginning of a specific chemical reaction (ie) glycolysis. In terms of
writing out a chemical reaction, the reactants are everything located to the left of the arrow.
The reactants of glycolysis are glucose, the co-enzyme NAD+ and ATP.
How are the TCA and ETC related? - ANSWER- The end products of the Kreb's (TCA) cycle are
used to fuel the electron transport chain. In other words, as the Kreb's cycle (TCA) produces an
abundance of reduced electron carriers (NADH and FADH2), it fuels the ETC. As the electrons
are transferred from NADH/FADH2 to terminal electron acceptors a proton motor force is
generated, ATP synthase is activated and up to 34 molecules of ATP can be produced.
In the absence of sugars, are entirely different metabolic pathways used to process alternative
sugar sources (fructose or lactose)? - ANSWER- No. Additional enzymatic steps are simply
required at the beginning of catabolism to convert complex sugars into usable forms of either
glucose or a glucose intermediate (glucose-6-phosphate)
Proteases are used to catabolize what? - ANSWER- Proteases are used to breakdown proteins
(whereas lipases are used to breakdown lipids)
Excluding sugars, what are the other sources of energy? Which is highest in energy? - ANSWER-
Carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids can all serve as potential energy sources in the absence of
sugar. Lipids are rich in energy, often having several reduced carbon molecules (high in
hydrogen content) that can be used in both the TCA and ETC cycles
In what organelle does photosynthesis take place? - ANSWER- Photosynthesis, the process of
capturing sunlight and converting it into a usable energy source, occurs in the chloroplasts.
Chloroplasts are double-membrane enclosed organelles. Each chloroplast contains the green
photosynthetic pigment chlorophyll.
What are the two main strategies for replenishing cellular concentrations of NAD+, and when
are these strategies utilized? - ANSWER- Fermentation and respiration are the two strategies
