PHYSICS BY BILAL ZIA PHYSICS (ECAT & MDCAT)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOOK # 01
SERIAL # CHAPTER NAME PAGE #
01 MEASUREMENTS 03
02 VECTORS AND EQUILIBRIUM 20
03 MOTION AND FORCE 36
04 WORK AND ENERGY 58
05 CIRCULAR MOTION 72
06 FLUID DYNAMICS 90
07 OSCILLATIONS 99
08 WAVES 114
09 PHYSICAL OPTICS 131
10 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 146
“Success (S) in any exam is directly proportional to your Hard Work (H), Dedication (D),
Notes Preparation (N) & Revision (R). While it is inversely proportional to your Care Less
(C) attitude towards studies. While your Dheetpan (D) remains constant.”
(Bilal’s Law of Success)
1|Page
COMPILED BY: ENGR. M. BILAL ZIA
,PHYSICS BY BILAL ZIA PHYSICS (ECAT & MDCAT)
CHAPTER 1
MEASUREMENTS
PHYSICS:
Physics is the branch of science which deals with the study of matter and energy and the relationship
between them.
It has many branches, some of these are:
• Nuclear Physics:
It deals with atomic nuclei.
• Particle Physics:
It deals with the ultimate particles of which the matter is composed.
• Relativistic Mechanics:
It is that branch of physics which deals with velocities approaching that of light.
• Solid State Physics:
It concerned with the structure and properties of solids.
• Mechanics:
The branch of physics which deals with the study of the behavior of physical systems under the
action of forces.
• Fluid Dynamics:
The branch of physics which deals with the study of fluids in motion is called fluid dynamics.
Newton’s laws and law of conservation of energy are used to analyze fluid dynamics.
• Acoustic:
The application of the scientific study about the sound in designing a building, halls, concert rooms
etc. is called acoustics.
• Optics:
It is the science of light and vision.
• Heat and Thermodynamics:
Thermodynamics deals with various phenomena of energy and related properties of matter,
especially the transformation of heat into other forms of energy.
• Electrostatics:
Electrostatics is a branch of physics in which we deal with the study of electric charges at rest under
the act of electric forces. An electric force is the force in which holds the positive and negative
charges that make up atoms and molecules.
• Electrodynamics:
The study of the relations between electrical, magnetic, and mechanical phenomenon.
• Magnetism:
Phenomena involving magnetic fields and their effects on materials.
• Electronics:
The branch of physics which deals which principles and ways by which the flow of electrons is
controlled, is called “Electronics”.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS:
In 1960, an international committee agreed on a set of definitions and standard to describe the
physical quantities. The system that was established is called the System International (SI).
The system international (SI) is built up from three kinds of units, supplementary units and derived
units.
(I) Base Units:
There are seven base units for various physical quantities, the names of base units for these physical
quantities together with symbols are listed in table:
2|Page
COMPILED BY: ENGR. M. BILAL ZIA
,PHYSICS BY BILAL ZIA PHYSICS (ECAT & MDCAT)
Physical Quantity SI Units Symbol
(1) Length metre m
(2) Mass kilogram kg
(3) Time second s
(4) Electric current ampere A
(5) Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
(6) Intensity of light candela cd
(7) Amount of substance mole mol
(II) Supplementary Units:
The General conference on weights and measures has not yet classified certain units of the system
international under either base units of derived units. These units are called as supplementary units. These
are units of plane angle and units of solid angle.
The names of supplementary units for these physical quantities together with symbols are listed in
table:
Physical Quantity SI Units Symbol
(1) Plane angle radian rad
(2) Solid angle steradian sr
DEFINITIONS OF RADIAN AND STERADIAN:
Radian:
The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference, where
an arc length AB is equal to the radius of the circle as shown in figure (a).
Steradian:
The steradian is the solid angle (three-dimensional angle) subtended at the centre of a sphere by an
area of its surface equal to the square of radius of sphere as shown in figure (b).
B
t2
r t r
1 rad r
O r A O
𝐹𝑖𝑔. (𝑎) 𝐹𝑖𝑔. (𝑏)
(III) Derived Units:
SI units for measuring all other physical quantities are derived from the base and supplementary
units. Some of the derived units are given in table as follows:
Physical Quantity SI Units Symbol In terms of base units
(1) Force newton N kgms-2
(2) Work joule J nm = kgm2s-2
(3) Power watt W JS1 = kgm2s-3
(4) Pressure pascal Pa Nm-2 = kgm-1s-2
(5) Electric charge coulomb C As
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION:
Numbers are expressed in standard form called scientific notation, which employs power of ten. The
internationally accepted practice is that there should be only one non-zero digit left of decimal. For
example,
(i) The number 134.7 should be written as 1.347×102.
3|Page
COMPILED BY: ENGR. M. BILAL ZIA
, PHYSICS BY BILAL ZIA PHYSICS (ECAT & MDCAT)
(ii) The number 0.0023 should be expressed as 1.3×10-3.
Note:
Following points should be kept in mind while using units:
(i) Full name of the unit does not begin with a capital, even if named after a scientist e.g., newton.
(ii) The symbol of unit named after a scientist has initial capital letters such as N for newton.
(iii) The prefix should be written before the unit without any space, such as 1×10-3 m is written as 1 mm.
(iv) A combination of base units is written each with one space apart. For example, newton metre is
written as N m.
(v) Compound prefixes are not allowed. For example, 1μμ may be written as 1 p.
(vi) A number such as 5.0×104 cm may be expressed in scientific notation as 5.0×102m.
(vii) When a multiple of a base unit is raised to a power, the power applies to the whole multiple and not
the base unit alone. Thus, 1 km2 = 1 (km)2 = 1×106m2
(viii) Measurement in practical work should be recorded immediately in the most convenient unit, e.g.,
micrometer screw gauge measurement in mm, but before calculation for the result, all
measurements must be converted to the appropriate SI base units.
STANDARD PREFIXES:
Some standard prefixes are given in the table as:
Factor Prefix Symbol
10-18 atto a
10 -15 femto f
10 -12 pico p
10 -9 nano n
10 -6 micro μ
10-3 milli m
10 -2 centi c
10 -1 deci d
10 1 deca da
103 kilo k
10 6 mega M
10 9 giga G
10 12 tera T
10 15 peta P
1018 exa E
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:
In any measurement, the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit are called significant
figures.
Explanation:
Suppose that we want to measure the length of a straight line with the help of a metre rod
calibrated in millimeters. The position of the edge of a line recorded as 12.7 cm with the help of a meter
rod, may lie between 12.65 cm and 12.75 cm.
Thus, in this example the maximum uncertainty is ±0.05 cm.
The uncertainty or accuracy in the value of a measured quantity can be indicated conveniently by
using significant figure. The recorded value of the length of the straight line, i.e., 12.7 cm contains three
digits (1, 2, 7) out of which two digits (1 and 2) are accurately known while the third digits i.e., ‘7’ is a
doubtful one.
Rules for deciding the number of significant figures in a measured quantity:
(1) All non-zero digits (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are significant.
4|Page
COMPILED BY: ENGR. M. BILAL ZIA
TABLE OF CONTENTS
BOOK # 01
SERIAL # CHAPTER NAME PAGE #
01 MEASUREMENTS 03
02 VECTORS AND EQUILIBRIUM 20
03 MOTION AND FORCE 36
04 WORK AND ENERGY 58
05 CIRCULAR MOTION 72
06 FLUID DYNAMICS 90
07 OSCILLATIONS 99
08 WAVES 114
09 PHYSICAL OPTICS 131
10 OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS 146
“Success (S) in any exam is directly proportional to your Hard Work (H), Dedication (D),
Notes Preparation (N) & Revision (R). While it is inversely proportional to your Care Less
(C) attitude towards studies. While your Dheetpan (D) remains constant.”
(Bilal’s Law of Success)
1|Page
COMPILED BY: ENGR. M. BILAL ZIA
,PHYSICS BY BILAL ZIA PHYSICS (ECAT & MDCAT)
CHAPTER 1
MEASUREMENTS
PHYSICS:
Physics is the branch of science which deals with the study of matter and energy and the relationship
between them.
It has many branches, some of these are:
• Nuclear Physics:
It deals with atomic nuclei.
• Particle Physics:
It deals with the ultimate particles of which the matter is composed.
• Relativistic Mechanics:
It is that branch of physics which deals with velocities approaching that of light.
• Solid State Physics:
It concerned with the structure and properties of solids.
• Mechanics:
The branch of physics which deals with the study of the behavior of physical systems under the
action of forces.
• Fluid Dynamics:
The branch of physics which deals with the study of fluids in motion is called fluid dynamics.
Newton’s laws and law of conservation of energy are used to analyze fluid dynamics.
• Acoustic:
The application of the scientific study about the sound in designing a building, halls, concert rooms
etc. is called acoustics.
• Optics:
It is the science of light and vision.
• Heat and Thermodynamics:
Thermodynamics deals with various phenomena of energy and related properties of matter,
especially the transformation of heat into other forms of energy.
• Electrostatics:
Electrostatics is a branch of physics in which we deal with the study of electric charges at rest under
the act of electric forces. An electric force is the force in which holds the positive and negative
charges that make up atoms and molecules.
• Electrodynamics:
The study of the relations between electrical, magnetic, and mechanical phenomenon.
• Magnetism:
Phenomena involving magnetic fields and their effects on materials.
• Electronics:
The branch of physics which deals which principles and ways by which the flow of electrons is
controlled, is called “Electronics”.
INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS:
In 1960, an international committee agreed on a set of definitions and standard to describe the
physical quantities. The system that was established is called the System International (SI).
The system international (SI) is built up from three kinds of units, supplementary units and derived
units.
(I) Base Units:
There are seven base units for various physical quantities, the names of base units for these physical
quantities together with symbols are listed in table:
2|Page
COMPILED BY: ENGR. M. BILAL ZIA
,PHYSICS BY BILAL ZIA PHYSICS (ECAT & MDCAT)
Physical Quantity SI Units Symbol
(1) Length metre m
(2) Mass kilogram kg
(3) Time second s
(4) Electric current ampere A
(5) Thermodynamic kelvin K
temperature
(6) Intensity of light candela cd
(7) Amount of substance mole mol
(II) Supplementary Units:
The General conference on weights and measures has not yet classified certain units of the system
international under either base units of derived units. These units are called as supplementary units. These
are units of plane angle and units of solid angle.
The names of supplementary units for these physical quantities together with symbols are listed in
table:
Physical Quantity SI Units Symbol
(1) Plane angle radian rad
(2) Solid angle steradian sr
DEFINITIONS OF RADIAN AND STERADIAN:
Radian:
The radian is the plane angle between two radii of a circle which cut off on the circumference, where
an arc length AB is equal to the radius of the circle as shown in figure (a).
Steradian:
The steradian is the solid angle (three-dimensional angle) subtended at the centre of a sphere by an
area of its surface equal to the square of radius of sphere as shown in figure (b).
B
t2
r t r
1 rad r
O r A O
𝐹𝑖𝑔. (𝑎) 𝐹𝑖𝑔. (𝑏)
(III) Derived Units:
SI units for measuring all other physical quantities are derived from the base and supplementary
units. Some of the derived units are given in table as follows:
Physical Quantity SI Units Symbol In terms of base units
(1) Force newton N kgms-2
(2) Work joule J nm = kgm2s-2
(3) Power watt W JS1 = kgm2s-3
(4) Pressure pascal Pa Nm-2 = kgm-1s-2
(5) Electric charge coulomb C As
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION:
Numbers are expressed in standard form called scientific notation, which employs power of ten. The
internationally accepted practice is that there should be only one non-zero digit left of decimal. For
example,
(i) The number 134.7 should be written as 1.347×102.
3|Page
COMPILED BY: ENGR. M. BILAL ZIA
, PHYSICS BY BILAL ZIA PHYSICS (ECAT & MDCAT)
(ii) The number 0.0023 should be expressed as 1.3×10-3.
Note:
Following points should be kept in mind while using units:
(i) Full name of the unit does not begin with a capital, even if named after a scientist e.g., newton.
(ii) The symbol of unit named after a scientist has initial capital letters such as N for newton.
(iii) The prefix should be written before the unit without any space, such as 1×10-3 m is written as 1 mm.
(iv) A combination of base units is written each with one space apart. For example, newton metre is
written as N m.
(v) Compound prefixes are not allowed. For example, 1μμ may be written as 1 p.
(vi) A number such as 5.0×104 cm may be expressed in scientific notation as 5.0×102m.
(vii) When a multiple of a base unit is raised to a power, the power applies to the whole multiple and not
the base unit alone. Thus, 1 km2 = 1 (km)2 = 1×106m2
(viii) Measurement in practical work should be recorded immediately in the most convenient unit, e.g.,
micrometer screw gauge measurement in mm, but before calculation for the result, all
measurements must be converted to the appropriate SI base units.
STANDARD PREFIXES:
Some standard prefixes are given in the table as:
Factor Prefix Symbol
10-18 atto a
10 -15 femto f
10 -12 pico p
10 -9 nano n
10 -6 micro μ
10-3 milli m
10 -2 centi c
10 -1 deci d
10 1 deca da
103 kilo k
10 6 mega M
10 9 giga G
10 12 tera T
10 15 peta P
1018 exa E
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:
In any measurement, the accurately known digits and the first doubtful digit are called significant
figures.
Explanation:
Suppose that we want to measure the length of a straight line with the help of a metre rod
calibrated in millimeters. The position of the edge of a line recorded as 12.7 cm with the help of a meter
rod, may lie between 12.65 cm and 12.75 cm.
Thus, in this example the maximum uncertainty is ±0.05 cm.
The uncertainty or accuracy in the value of a measured quantity can be indicated conveniently by
using significant figure. The recorded value of the length of the straight line, i.e., 12.7 cm contains three
digits (1, 2, 7) out of which two digits (1 and 2) are accurately known while the third digits i.e., ‘7’ is a
doubtful one.
Rules for deciding the number of significant figures in a measured quantity:
(1) All non-zero digits (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) are significant.
4|Page
COMPILED BY: ENGR. M. BILAL ZIA
