TAMU BIOLOGY 112 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔How does the ascending loop of henle aid in absorbing water? - ✔✔pumpes salt into
the kidney to make water follow the salt (hypo to hyper)
✔✔Caffeine - ✔✔-osmotic diuretic
-is filtered but can not be reabsorbed
-stays in the nephron and takes water with it
-more caffeine = more pee, less hydration
✔✔What does ADH affect? - ✔✔the distal tube and the collecting duct (4 and 5)
✔✔How does the hypothalamus play a part in the osmoregulatory system? - ✔✔-is has
osmoreceptor cells
-monitors blood osmolarity and regulates the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
-Aquaporins allow water to go from the loop of hence to the kidney bc of salt pump
✔✔What is ADH? - ✔✔"anti-dehydration signa"
against urine formation
✔✔How does Alcohol affect ADH? - ✔✔-inhibits ADH
-causes you to bee too much
-urine is clear
-can be dehydrated (hungover)
✔✔What makes blood proteins? - ✔✔Liver
✔✔Mammals' loop of hence length - ✔✔dry environments -> longer
fresh water -> shorter
✔✔What does the Renin-Angiotensin system do? - ✔✔helps blood pressure rise if it's
too low (if there's not enough blood pressure in the kidney, the nephrons can't filter the
blood)
✔✔Renin-Angiotensin system - ✔✔-Kidney releases renin, which comes in contact with
angiotensin 1 and converts it to angiotensin 2
-angiotensin 2 increases resistance in the system, which increase blood pressure
✔✔What do you tell someone with high blood pressure? - ✔✔decrease salt
increase exercise
decrease heart rate
decrease stress
ACE inhibitors
beta blockers
, ✔✔What do ACE inhibitors do? - ✔✔-lower blood pressure
-block the angiotensin 2 converting enzyme and decreases angiotensin 2 (which raises
blood pressure)
✔✔Juxta - ✔✔right next to
✔✔Aldosterone - ✔✔has effects on the distal convoluted tube
✔✔Anatomy of a neuron - ✔✔Action flows from dendrites -> soma -> axon hillock ->
axon -> synaptic terminals
✔✔What is the difference between a nerve and a neuron? - ✔✔a nerve is made up of
thousands of neurons
✔✔When will signaling molecules fail to signal? - ✔✔when there is no receptor neuron
✔✔What is the soma? - ✔✔The cell body (includes the nucleus)
biosynthesis
✔✔What is main purpose of the myelin sheath? - ✔✔increases speed of impulse.
impulse moves slower in the nodes (in between the sheaths)
✔✔What is the space between the sending and the receiving neurons? - ✔✔synapse
✔✔What are the 4 glial cells I care about? (vertebrate system only) - ✔✔1. Ependymal
2. Astrocytes
3. Oligondendrocytes
4. Schwann
✔✔Ependymal cells - ✔✔secrete cerebral spinal fluid
✔✔Astrocytes - ✔✔hold neurons together
✔✔Oligondendrocytes - ✔✔myelinate axons in the central nervous system
✔✔Schwann cells - ✔✔myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system
✔✔What 2 types of tissue can use their RMP to generate an action potential? -
✔✔muscle and nervous
(all 4 tissues have RMP and a difference in charge tho)
✔✔What is an action potential? - ✔✔A change in electrical potential causing a neuron
to fire (sodium in, potassium out)
WITH ANSWERS RATED A+
✔✔How does the ascending loop of henle aid in absorbing water? - ✔✔pumpes salt into
the kidney to make water follow the salt (hypo to hyper)
✔✔Caffeine - ✔✔-osmotic diuretic
-is filtered but can not be reabsorbed
-stays in the nephron and takes water with it
-more caffeine = more pee, less hydration
✔✔What does ADH affect? - ✔✔the distal tube and the collecting duct (4 and 5)
✔✔How does the hypothalamus play a part in the osmoregulatory system? - ✔✔-is has
osmoreceptor cells
-monitors blood osmolarity and regulates the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary
-Aquaporins allow water to go from the loop of hence to the kidney bc of salt pump
✔✔What is ADH? - ✔✔"anti-dehydration signa"
against urine formation
✔✔How does Alcohol affect ADH? - ✔✔-inhibits ADH
-causes you to bee too much
-urine is clear
-can be dehydrated (hungover)
✔✔What makes blood proteins? - ✔✔Liver
✔✔Mammals' loop of hence length - ✔✔dry environments -> longer
fresh water -> shorter
✔✔What does the Renin-Angiotensin system do? - ✔✔helps blood pressure rise if it's
too low (if there's not enough blood pressure in the kidney, the nephrons can't filter the
blood)
✔✔Renin-Angiotensin system - ✔✔-Kidney releases renin, which comes in contact with
angiotensin 1 and converts it to angiotensin 2
-angiotensin 2 increases resistance in the system, which increase blood pressure
✔✔What do you tell someone with high blood pressure? - ✔✔decrease salt
increase exercise
decrease heart rate
decrease stress
ACE inhibitors
beta blockers
, ✔✔What do ACE inhibitors do? - ✔✔-lower blood pressure
-block the angiotensin 2 converting enzyme and decreases angiotensin 2 (which raises
blood pressure)
✔✔Juxta - ✔✔right next to
✔✔Aldosterone - ✔✔has effects on the distal convoluted tube
✔✔Anatomy of a neuron - ✔✔Action flows from dendrites -> soma -> axon hillock ->
axon -> synaptic terminals
✔✔What is the difference between a nerve and a neuron? - ✔✔a nerve is made up of
thousands of neurons
✔✔When will signaling molecules fail to signal? - ✔✔when there is no receptor neuron
✔✔What is the soma? - ✔✔The cell body (includes the nucleus)
biosynthesis
✔✔What is main purpose of the myelin sheath? - ✔✔increases speed of impulse.
impulse moves slower in the nodes (in between the sheaths)
✔✔What is the space between the sending and the receiving neurons? - ✔✔synapse
✔✔What are the 4 glial cells I care about? (vertebrate system only) - ✔✔1. Ependymal
2. Astrocytes
3. Oligondendrocytes
4. Schwann
✔✔Ependymal cells - ✔✔secrete cerebral spinal fluid
✔✔Astrocytes - ✔✔hold neurons together
✔✔Oligondendrocytes - ✔✔myelinate axons in the central nervous system
✔✔Schwann cells - ✔✔myelinate axons in the peripheral nervous system
✔✔What 2 types of tissue can use their RMP to generate an action potential? -
✔✔muscle and nervous
(all 4 tissues have RMP and a difference in charge tho)
✔✔What is an action potential? - ✔✔A change in electrical potential causing a neuron
to fire (sodium in, potassium out)
